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Psych 101: Review Session Sara J. Buhl Sport, Exercise, & Health Psychology Sport, Exercise, & Health Psychology psychological factors that affect performance in sports, physical activity, and exercise aims to enhance individual and team performance managing emotions minimizing the psychological effects of injury and poor performance Sport, Exercise, & Health Psychology skills taught: goal setting relaxation visualization self-talk awareness and control concentration confidence Sport, Exercise, & Health Psychology Motivation – intrinsic motivation (inner motivation, e.g., self accomplishment) extrinsic motivation (outer motivation, e.g., money or awards) Attention Focus – Being able to block everything out, e.g., a crowd http://appliedsportpsych.org/ fMRI in the News functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) can decipher the brain's answers to questions in healthy, non-vegetative, participants with 100% accuracy patients believed to be in a vegetative state were scanned using fMRI signs of awareness were detected in 17% http://www.cnn.com/2010/HEALTH/02/04/veget ative.state/index.html fMRI in the News 'Vegetative state' man responds to questions severe head injuries in a car crash believed to be in a vegetative state used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) mapped brain activity while asked to answer "yes" or "no" to questions such as "Is your father's name Thomas?" fMRI in the News The patient communicated answers through brain activity. Survey/Polls in the News “Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell” Policy Majority of public supports allowing openly gay men and women to serve in the military BUT there is less support for allowing homosexuals to serve openly Why? http://thecaucus.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/02/11/ new-poll-shows-support-for-repeal-of-dont-askdont-tell/ Survey/Polls in the News Wording 2 Groups: half asked their opinion on permitting “gay men and lesbians” to serve 70% favored allowing them to serve 60% favored them serving openly half were asked about permitting “homosexuals” to serve 59% favored allowing them to serve 44% favored them serving openly http://thecaucus.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/02/11/ new-poll-shows-support-for-repeal-of-dont-askdont-tell/ Chapter 1 Review Wilhelm Wundt (Germany) Established the 1st psychology laboratory 1st psychology experiments Emphasis on introspection Examining one’s own emotions and mental processes William James also emphasized introspection Wrote 1st widely recognized text of Psychology Chapter 1 Review BEHAVIORISM (1920-1960) Science viewed as rooted in observations Famous Behaviorists: John B. Watson Little Albert Study conditioned fear of a white rat in baby Albert B.F. Skinner Studied how consequences shape behavior Pigeons learning to turn/peck by rewarding with food Reinforcement – slot machines “reward” our behavior (putting in coins) by letting us win at various intervals Chapter 1 Review Hindsight Bias “Hindsight is 20/20” After learning the outcome of a situation, we tend to believe that we knew what would happen all along Chapter 1 Review Naturalistic Observation Watching & recording behavior in a natural environment Jane Goodall – Chimpanzee observations Correlation Relationship of two or more variables Does not indicate causality Correlation Positive or Negative? Correlation Positive or Negative? Chapter 1 Review Experiment one or more factor is manipulated to observe the effect Double Blind Procedure Used in Experiments Both researchers & participants are “blind” (unaware) about whether the participants have received the treatment or a placebo Chapter 1 Review Experiments manipulate a factor to determine its effect. Independent Variable the factor that is manipulated factor that the researcher controls Dependent Variable the factor that is being measured the outcome of interest Chapter 1 Review A study indicates that antioxidants found in blueberries may slow down the process of aging. In this study, rats were fed either their standard diet or a diet supplemented by blueberries. After eight weeks, the rats were given memory tests. The rats who had the blueberries added to their diet showed improvement on the memory tests. Independent Variable? Dependent Variable? Chapter 2 Review Dendrite branching extensions of a neuron receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body Axon the extension of a neuron, through which messages are sent to other neurons or to muscles or glands Myelin Sheath a layer of fatty cells covering the axon of some neurons greatly increases the speed of neural impulses Chapter 2 Review Neurons (Nerve Cells) Chapter 2 Review Synapse junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron tiny gap at this junction is called the synaptic gap Chapter 2 Review - Synapse Chapter 2 Review Central Nervous System (brain & spinal cord) Peripheral Nervous System the sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body Somatic NS = Voluntary muscle control (skeleton) Autonomic NS = involuntary control of organs & glands • Sympathetic Nervous System = part of the autonomic NS that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations • Parasympathetic Nervous System = Part of the autonomic NS that calms the body, conserving its energy Chapter 2 review Chapter 2 Review Brainstem the oldest part of the brain responsible for automatic survival functions Medulla base of the brainstem controls heartbeat and breathing Thalamus on top of brainstem receives info from all senses (except smell) and sends it to the correct brain region Reticular Formation a nerve network in the brainstem plays an important role in controlling arousal Chapter 2 Review Chapter 2 Review Limbic System A group of neural structures in the brain associated with emotions (fear & aggression) associated w/ drives (for food and sex) Chapter 2 Review Limbic System Includes hippocampus (ch. 8) amygdala linked to emotion influences aggression, rage, & fear hypothalamus also linked to emotion contains a “reward/pleasure” center • rats will cross electric grid for stimulation directs several maintenance activities (eating, body temp) Chapter 2 Review Corpus Callosum neural fibers that connect the two brain hemispheres and carry messages between them Chapter 2 Review The brain & language Broca’s Area (1860s) Part of frontal lobe Controls language expression Directs muscle movements involved in speech Damage = difficulty forming words, but still able to sing familiar songs Wernicke’s Area (1870s) Part of temporal lobe Controls language reception Helps us comprehend and express language Damage = speak meaningless words; unable to understand words spoken by others Chapter 4 Review Zygote (conception to 2 weeks) fertilized egg enters a 2-week period of rapid cell division Embryo (2nd through 8th weeks) organs begin to form; heart begins to beat Fetus (9 weeks until birth) looks unmistakably human; organs continue developing Teratogens agents that can reach the embryo or fetus and cause harm Chapter 4 Review Piaget’s Stages (Cognitive Development) Sensorimotor (birth – age 2) Object Permanence (know that things still exist even when you can’t see them); Stranger Anxiety Preoperational (age 2 – 6) Pretend Play; Egocentrism (difficulty taking another’s point of view) Concrete Operational (age 7-11) Conservation; Concrete Thinking Formal Operational (age 12 – adult) Abstract thinking Chapter 4 Review Attachment emotional tie with another person seen in young children when they seek closeness to caregivers and show distress when separated Separation Anxiety distress exhibited when young children are separated from caregivers Stranger Anxiety An infant’s fear of strangers Chapter 4 Review Attachment Styles: Securely Attached Explore surroundings, play (when mother is present) Distressed when mother leaves; comforted when she returns Insecurely Attached - Ambivalent Less likely to explore and may cling to mother Seem indifferent when mother leaves and returns Insecurely Attached – Avoidant Also less likely to explore and may cling to mother May cry loudly and remain upset when mother leaves and returns Chapter 4 Review Harlow Experiments (1950s) Reared monkeys with two artificial mothers One w/ bare wire and feeding bottle One w/ soft cloth and no bottle Found that monkeys preferred contact with the cloth mother even though they got their food from the wire mother