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Transcript 
Cells of the Nervous System
Two Broad Classes of Cells
in the Nervous System
1. Nerve cells (neurons)
2. Support cells (glia)
Neurons come in many different varieties
based on size, shape, chemistry, etc.
Glia also come in different varieties.
Different varieties allow for optimizing specialized
functions of both neurons and glia.
Five to ten times as many glia as neurons in the CNS
Four Functions of Neurons
1. Receive and integrate inputs
dendrites, soma
2. Generate a nerve impulse (action potential)
axon hillock
3. Conduct the action potential
axon
4. Transmit information to target cell (neuron, muscle, gland)
nerve terminals
Dendrites and cell body
Receive and integrate inputs
Axon hillock and initial segment
Generate action potentials
Axon
Conducts action potential
Terminals
Synaptic transmission
Conducts action potential
receives and integrates inputs
Axon hillock
Generates action
potential
Receive and integrate inputs
Transmits
target cell
Synaptosome
Classifications of Neurons
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Function
Structure
Shape
Effect
Axon length
Neurochemical identity
Classifications of Neurons
1. Function
a. sensory neurons
b. motoneurons
c. interneurons
Classifications of Neurons
1. Function
2. Structure
a. unipolar
b. bipolar
c. multipolar
A
B
100μm
Classifications of Neurons
1. Function
2. Structure
3. Shape
e.g., pyramidal, stellate, basket, granule, etc.
Classifications of Neurons
1.
2.
3.
4.
Function
Structure
Shape
Effect
a. excitatory neurons
b. inhibitory neurons
Classifications of Neurons
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Function
Structure
Shape
Effect
Axon length
a. projection neurons (Golgi Type I)
b. local neurons (Golgi Type II)
Classifications of Neurons
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Function
Structure
Shape
Effect
Axon length
Neurochemical identity
e.g., cholinergic, dopaminergic, GABAergic, etc.
Classifications of Neurons
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Function
Structure
Shape
Effect
Axon length
Neurochemical identity
Types of glial cells
1. Astrocytes
2. Microglia
3. Oligodendroglia
4. Schwann cells
Types of glial cells
1. Astrocytes
a. mechanical support
b. metabolic support
transport nutrients and wastes
c. encapsulate synapses
d. regulate chemical and ionic environment
e. form scar tissue
f. act as phagocytes
Types of glial cells
1. Astrocytes
2. Microglia
a. act as phagocytes
b. part of brain’s immune system
Types of glial cells
1. Astrocytes
2. Microglia
3. Oligodendroglia
myelinate axons of central nervous system
Types of glial cells
1. Astrocytes
2. Microglia
3. Oligodendroglia
4. Schwann cells
myelinate axons of peripheral nervous system
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