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TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Lead up to World War II TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Why did totalitarian states rise after World War I, and what did they do? World War I and the Great Depression had devastating effects throughout the world. In some countries, people turned to new leaders… TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. World War I and Germany surrender… • Germans resented the terms of the Treaty of Versailles, feeling humiliated in defeat. • Italy and Japan were angered by the treaty. • Worldwide depression brought despair to many already suffering from war. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Totalitarian governments developed in several countries during the 1930s. Country Leader Soviet Union Joseph Stalin Italy Benito Mussolini Germany Adolf Hitler TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. In Germany, the Weimar Republic struggled with economic problems. Adolf Hitler, Nazi Party… seized power and created a totalitarian state. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Japan came under the influence of strong military leaders. Attempted to solve economic problems through aggressive military conquests. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Japanese Expansion, 1931-1939 TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. A weak League of Nations did little to stop the aggression… • Many feared involvement in another war. • Embraced a policy of isolationism. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. The appeasement of Hitler continued… TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Start of World War II and Early Years TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. • When Hitler invaded Poland in September 1939, Britain and France declared war on Germany. This marked the start of World War II. • Germany launched a series of attacks on its neighbors marked by speed and massive firepower— a blitzkrieg, or “lightning war.” • Denmark, Norway, and the Netherlands fell in 1940. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Germans entered France. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Europe was again at war. In time, major powers around the world joined in alliances. Axis Powers Allies • Germany • Britain • Italy • France • Japan • Soviet Union • United States • China TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. German Aggression, 1936–1941 TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Congress declared neutrality. But the United States began to take steps to support Europe’s democracies. • The Neutrality Act of 1939 contained a cash-and-carry provision favoring the Allies. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Debate raged between isolationists and interventionists. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Roosevelt described what was at stake: FDR’s four freedoms • freedom of speech • freedom of worship • freedom from want • freedom from fear All of these freedoms, he argued, were threatened by German and Japanese militarism. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Roosevelt and British prime minister Winston Churchill signed the Atlantic Charter German submarines began to fire on American ships supporting the Allies. Roosevelt ordered the navy to attack the U-boats on sight. War inevitable. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. American Entry into the World War II TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Roosevelt condemned Japanese aggression. He worked to slow Japan’s expansion with an embargo. Prime Minister Tojo decided to eliminate the U.S. presence in the Pacific. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. On December 7, 1941, Japanese forces attacked the American naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. The attackers struck with devastating power, taking the Americans by surprise. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Damage at Pearl Harbor TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. After the attack, the United States declared war on Japan. Japan’s allies, Germany and Italy, then declared war on the United States. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. A wave of patriotism swept the United States following the attack. • Americans joined the military. • Americans took new jobs making weapons and supplies that supported the war effort. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. The peacetime economy soon shifted to a wartime economy. Companies that once produced consumer goods mobilized to build ships, planes, and tanks. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. The money that was poured into defense spending finally ended the Great Depression. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. In 1944, American production levels were double those of all the Axis nations combined. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. In the early years of the war, the outlook for the Allies was grim. Japan’s Advantages • Dominance of the Pacific • Technologically advanced weapons • Highly motivated and well-trained military TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Japanese armies invade Pacific Islands Then they moved into the Philippines, forcing American General Douglas MacArthur to retreat. Thousands diedBataan Death March. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Japanese Aggression, December 1941–June 1942