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The Holocaust Anti-Semitism in WW2 The Development of the “Final Solution” Jews in Vienna were forced to scrub sidewalks before the “Final Solution” was developed The Final Solution 1942: the Nazis introduced the “Final Solution” to the Jewish problem Nazi soldiers rounded up Jewish men, women, and children and shipped them to concentration camps throughout Germany and Poland The camps became prisons for other “undesirables”: communists, homosexuals, Gypsies, and people with mental or physical illnesses The Final Solution When the prisoners arrived at the camps, soldiers divided them into two groups: The strongest prisoners went to work in labour camps The rest went directly into the gas chambers – these were disguised as showers The gas chambers were highly efficient killing machines: took only a few minutes for thousands of people to die Prisoners were made to clear out the chambers each time, stripping them of everything, even gold fillings from their teeth Life in the Nazi Death Camps Worked 16 hour days Lived in filthy, unheated quarters year-round Bowl of broth, piece of bread / day Electrified barbed-wire fences surrounded the camps Armed guards standing in watch towers Suffered as human guinea pigs from horrific Nazi scientists Liberating the Camps As Allied forces moved through Europe, they discovered the horrendous secret the Nazis had been hiding Few people believed the genocide could take placed in the “enlightened” era of the 20th century The world witnessed the horror and brutality that happens when hatred overrules humanity Timeline of Holocaust 1939 Goring orders the emigration of Jews be sped up Hitler threatens Jews publicly in a speech Nazis force Jews to hand over all gold and silver items Jews lose rights as tenants: are relocated into ghettos German Jews are denied the right to hold government office Jews in Germany are given curfews and forbidden to own radios Evacuation of Jews from Vienna Polish Jews 14-60 forced into labour camps Jews over 10 forced to wear yellow stars Timeline 1940 - Development of first concentration camp - First deportation of Jews to concentration camp - French Jews are deported into concentration camps - Jewish ghettos in Warsaw and Krakow are sealed off, containing hundreds of thousands of Jews Timeline 1941 Dutch Jews are deported German Jews are ordered into forced labour 3600 Parisian Jews are arrested 10 000 Romanian Jews killed Polish concentration camp “Majdanek” becomes operational 3800 Lithuanian Jews killed Goring instructs preparation to begin for the “Final Solution” 18 000 Hungarian Jews killed First test of gas chambers at Auschwitz German Jews ordered to wear yellow stars Timeline 1941 – Cont’d - German Jews begin to be deported - 23 000 Ukrainian Jews killed - 35 000 Jews shot at Odessa - Nazis forbid emigration of Jews from the Reich - 5000 Gypsies are the first victims of gas chambers Timeline 1942 Mass killings of Jews by gas chambers begins at Auschwitz a report that 229 000 Jews have been killed by the end of Jan. 1942 Slavic and French Jews deported to Auschwitz German Jews are forbidden to use public transportation Jews in France, Holland, Belgium, Croatia, Slovakia, and Romania ordered to wear yellow stars Auschwitz is forced to construct another gas chamber to accommodate the number of Jews arriving June 30: the NY Times reports that over 1 million Jews have been killed by the Nazis Himmler grants permission for sterilization experiments to begin on all Jews Timeline 1942 – Cont’d Dutch Jews are deported to concentration camps Polish Jews are deported to concentration camps Belgian Jews are deported to concentration camps Croatian Jews are deported to concentration camps 7000 Jews arrested in unoccupied France! Commencement of burning Jews’ bodies instead of burying them to keep from contaminating the ground water SS begins cashing in Jews’ valuables Mass murder of Ukrainian Jews – not in a concentration camp Norwegian Jews deported to concentration camps Dec. 17: British Foreign Secretary states that the Nazis have started to carry out Hitler’s plan to exterminate the Jewish population Timeline 1943 Over 1 million Jews are recorded killed Warsaw: first Jewish resistance Nazis order all Gypsies to concentration camps Greek Jews ordered into ghettos Greek Jews ordered into concentration camps NYC: American Jews hold a mass rally to pressure the US into helping European Jews Bulgaria refuses to deport its Jews Three more gas chambers open up at Auschwitz Nazis declare Berlin to be Judenfrei (cleansed of all Jews) Timeline 1943 Another gas chamber opens at Auschwitz Records that 4700 Jews killed in the gas chambers 200 Jews escape a concentration camp – the Nazis hunt them down one-by-one Italian Jews are sent to concentration camps Nazis carry out Operation Harvest Festival in occupied Poland: they kill 42 000 Jews Chief surgeon at Auschwitz reports 106 castration operations performed Timeline 1944 - More Greek Jews deported to concentration camps - Hungarian Jews deported to concentration camps - Himmler orders the destruction of Auschwitz to maintain Nazi secrets - More deaths, more “liquidation of Jewish ghettos” Timeline 1945 Nazis conduct death marches of Jews and other concentration camp prisoners as the Allies progress closer to Berlin - - Soviets liberate Budapest: over 70 000 Jews Nazis evacuate 66 000 Jews from Auschwitz - - These death marches were designed to kill off the rest of the Jews so that the Allied Forces couldn’t rescue them Soviet troops liberate what’s left: by this time, over 2 million Jews have been murdered here Hitler commits suicide Americans free 33 000 Jews from concentration camps Liberating the Camps WARNING! This video shows real footage about what Allied Forces found when they liberated Nazi concentration camps. If you do not think you can stomach these atrocities, please feel free to sit out in the hall. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9NmaZlFlZGE War Crimes The atrocities of the concentration camps were well-documented by the Nazis Kept records of people killed in the gas chambers Recorded the horror of life in the camps with official photos and films The Allies used this evidence to charge Nazi leaders with war crimes and crimes against humanity War Crimes 1946: 22 high-ranking Nazis went on trial in a special criminal court in Nuremburg, Germany Established for the first time that those who commit atrocities in times of war are responsible for their actions Soldiers who murdered civilians or herded them into gas chambers could not deny their personal responsibility by claiming they were following orders 12 of these 22 Nazis received the DEATH penalty 7 others received PRISON terms 3 were found Not-Guilty Questions Do you think it was important for the Allies to hold the Nazis accountable for war crimes and crimes against humanity? Give reasons. What should countries like Canada do to stop one group of people from committing genocide against another group? Find out about a contemporary example of genocide.
