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Transcript
World War I 1914-1918 Trenches on the Western Front Verdun from the air Underlying Causes of World War I: Pre 1914 Nationalism Imperialism Militarism Internal Socio-economicpolitical debates The Rise of Socialism Industrialization led to massive socio-economic changes Creation of new social classes – Upper Class: landed aristocracy – Upper Middle Class: wealthy business owners [bourgeois] – Lower Middle Class: civil servants, small business owners – Working Class: industrial workers – Lower Class: small farmers, landless farmers The Rise of Socialism Working Class Agitation Created political parties throughout Europe to demand change – By 1912 SPD [Socialist Party of Germany] was the largest political party in the German Reichstag [parliament] Radical socialists emphasized class conflict over national conflict – They believed in an international brotherhood of workers – They tended to have a great disdain for nationalists Conservative Response to Socialism Bismarck Used a carrot and stick approach Passed anti-socialist laws prohibiting socialist publications Made concessions such as worker’s compensation and old age insurance programs Got socialists to support his program for German unification Set the precedent that appeals to nationalism can win over socialists Militarism & Alliances Geopolitics Bismarck understood that Germany’s geographic position in Europe offered the possibility of conflict on two fronts Emphasized the need for Germany to maintain alliances with at least two of the 5 great powers [Russia, France, Great Britain, Austria-Hungary and Germany] so as not to be outnumbered Bismarck’s Realpolitik Three Emperor’s League Bismarck believed maintaining good relations with Russia was critical to it’s survival, also it was important to isolate France He practiced Realpolitik: policies in pursuit of Germany’s self interest Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Russia Conflict in the Balkans between Austria and Russia ended this alliance but Bismarck secured Russian Friendship with a Reassurance Treaty Kaiser Wilhelm’s Folly Wilhelm II Disregarded Bismarck’s advice by ending the alliance with Russia. He actually removed the old man from office in 1890. He also ended antisocialist legislation opening up a Pandora's box The Alliance System Central Powers [old Triple Alliance] Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy Italy refuses to honor alliance in WWI Ottoman Empire joins the Central Powers Allied Powers [old Triple Entente] France, Russia, and Great Britain Later joined by Italy in 1915 USA becomes an associated power during WWI The Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand: The Spark Provided the immediate cause of World War I Sparked a chain reaction of events that had disastrous consequences. Serbian Nationalists committed the act of Terrorism Gavrilo Princip & Black Hand assassins Austria gave Serbia an ultimatum it knew Serbia would have to reject The “Great War” Begins July 28, 1914 Austria invades Serbia Russia orders mobilization [preparations for war] Germany asks Russia to halt its mobilization warning war will follow but receives no reply Germany mobilizes and declares war on Russia on August 1 followed by war on France August 3 Germany’s invasion of neutral Belgium brings Great Britain into the war on the Allied side War on the Western Front Stalemate & Trench warfare Xmas truce 1914 Somme, Verdun, Ypres were major battles that resulted in no great change in the front but resulted in massive casualties By 1917 both sides were exhausted. British Blockade of Germany resulted in massive starvation in Germany [750,000 deaths] Germany resorted to unrestricted Submarine warfare by sinking anything in sight [75,000 deaths] War on the Eastern Front Fluid Battle, very few trenches. Germans had great success against the Russians By 1916 the Russians were in disarray. Soldiers refused to fight, killed their officers March of 1917, Russians revolt against Tsar Nicholas II. Democratic gov’t seizes control but continues with the war. November 1917, Bolsheviks [communists] seize control and end the war with Germany in March of 1918 Vladimir Lenin was the Bolshevik leader Modern Warfare New Weapons led to unimaginable carnage Machine guns Airplanes Tanks Submarines Poison gas Total War When a nation devotes all its resources toward the war effort 1918: Year of Decision German Spring Offensive Germany’s defeat of Russia allowed it to transfer troops from the East to the West Hoped to end the war before the Americans arrived in large numbers Offensive stalls outside of Paris Allied Counter Offensive Allied troops, including large numbers of Americans launch an offensive to push the Germans back. Both sides suffered more casualties in 1918 alone than in 1914-1917. Revolution in Germany October 1918 Germany is on the verge of collapse November 9, 1918 Kaiser abdicated and Socialist gov’t seizes power and signs an armistice [end to fighting] on November 11, 1918 1918: Year of Decision Armistice Socialist German gov’t agrees to an end of fighting on the conditions that Pres. Wilson’s 14 points will be the basis of peace negotiations Germany’s Internal Problems Revolution breaks out all over Germany. Communist briefly seize control of the State gov’t of Bavaria. Communist briefly seize control of Berlin forcing the gov’t to flee to Weimar where they sign Germany’s new constitution. Treaty of Versailles Allied powers enforce their will on a weakened Germany. Weimar gov’t is upset with the terms but basically has no choice but to sign the treaty. Treaty of Versailles 1919 War Guilt Clause Germany had to accept full responsibility for the war Territorial Changes Germany loses 13% of its territory and all of its colonies East Prussia is separated from the rest of Germany Military Changes No air force, No navy, No tanks Army limited to 100,000 men Rhineland Demilitarized Reparations Must pay $33 billion for damages done during the war Treaty of Versailles 1919 Loss of German Territory Lost Alsace-Lorraine Upper Silesia City of Danzig The Saarland North Schleswig Rhineland demilitarized League of Nations Created to resolve international disputes Excluded Germany and the Soviet Union from the League German territorial losses 1919 Europe after Versailles New Countries Poland Czechoslovakia Yugoslavia Austria Hungary Finland Turkey Baltic States – Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia Boundary changes in Europe 1919 Impact of World War I Ended this blind faith in Technology Spread the ideas of democracy and nationalism around the globe Ended once and for all the era of aristocratic privilege. 5 Dynasties in Europe in 1914 [Russia, Germany, Austria-Hungary, Great Britain and Ottoman Empire] and only the British Royal Family survives the war. Pablo Picasso, “Guernica” Russian Civil War: 1917-1921 Bolsheviks [Communists] seize control of government in November 1917 Whites vs Reds White forces were non-communist forces Red Forces were communists Execution of the Romanovs Red Army Leon Trotsky organized the Red Army into an effective fighting force Red advance into Europe was stopped by Polish forces at the gates of Warsaw in 1920. The Soviet Union: Cult of Personality Union of Soviet Socialists Republic [USSR] Death of Lenin Assassination attempt led to health complications Died in 1924 Rise of Stalin and totalitarianism Stalin won the power struggle Purges: eliminated any enemies and threats to his power throughout the 1930s Five year Plans: plan to rapidly transform Russia into an industrial powerhouse NKVD: Secret Police control society Joseph Stalin Italy: Cult of Personality Fascist Italy Benito Mussolini becomes Prime Minister in 1924 Played on Italian dissatisfaction with Versailles, wanted more territory than they received Played on Italian fears of communism Black Shirts were the Italian fascists Mussolini was a virtual dictator but still technically subordinate to the King 1936 Invaded Ethiopia 1939 Seized Albania 1941 invaded Greece and got spanked by soldiers in skirts Benito Mussolini Nazi Germany: Adolf Hitler Hitler Background Family Background Origins of his Anti-Semitism WWI Experience Personality Relations with Women Man of Dichotomies Oratory skills Political Involvement National Socialist German Workers Party Beer Hall Putsch 1923 Mein Kampf “My Struggle” Nazi Germany Consolidation of Power Party Reorganization 1928-32 Failed to defeat President von Hindenburg in elections Hindenburg encouraged to make Hitler Chancellor to fight the communist menace Reichs Chancellor January 1933 Reichstag Fire Feb 1933 Enabling Act March 1933 Police State: Dachau March 1933 Night of the Long Knives 1934 Fuehrer Death of President Hindenburg in 1934 Hitler combined the offices of President and Chancellor into one…Der Fuehrer Reichstag Fire 1933 The Nazi Attraction Order & Stability Ended years of political chaos and violence People were willing to sacrifice individual freedom for domestic order Equality for Aryans Germans embraced the Nazi idea of equal opportunity, as long as you were Aryan Hitler viewed the aristocratic classes with disdain Jobs and end of Unemployment Hitler’s expansion of the military took men off the unemployment roles Massive public works projects, expansion of the autobahn system Restored German Pride and Dignity Withdrew Germany from the League of Nations Challenged the most despised elements of the Versailles Treaty Hitler’s Foreign Policy Phase I Testing the Waters Withdrew Germany from the League 1933 Announced the enlargement of the German military forces in 1934 Remilitarized the Rhineland 1935 Plebiscite in the Saar 1935 Phase II Greater Germany Anschluss [annexation] of Austria Munich Crisis: Seizure of the Sudetenland [Appeasement] Occupation of Prague and Czechoslovakia The Danzig/Polish Corridor Crisis Sudeten girls welcoming German troops Hitler’s War War & Extermination Non-Aggression Pact with USSR Invasion of Poland September1939 Invasion of Denmark & Norway April 1940 Invasion of the Low Countries and France May 1940 Dunkirk & Battle of Britain 1940 Invasion of Yugoslavia & Greece April 1941 German Conquest of North Africa 1941 Hitler in Paris Hitler’s War Operation Barbarosa: Invasion of Russia June 22, 1941 – December 6, 1941 Germans experienced great success Battle for Moscow December 1941 Russians surprised the Germans German Occupation Policy in Russia – Einsatzgruppen: death squads who hunted down Jews and communists – Hitler’s racial ideology saw the slavic people as inferior & only worthy of slavery. SS soldier executes a mother & child in the Ukraine Hitler’s Holocaust Persecution of the Jews Phase I 1933-35 Laws defining Jew vs Aryan Nuremberg Race Laws Expulsion of Jews from public life – Not allowed in movie theaters, parks, pools etc – Can no longer be teachers, doctors, laywers, etc. – 1936 Olympic games led to a pause in persecution Phase II 1937-38 Persecution and Intimidation Kristallnacht 1938 Kristallnacht Destruction Hitler’s Holocaust The Final Solution Stage 1 1939-41 – Rounded up Jews in occupied Eastern Europe and put them in Ghettos – Mass executions in Russia Stage 2 1942-45 – Wansee conference Jan 1942 – Extermination camp system Nazi Death Camps War in the Far East Japanese Expansionism Manchuria 1931 China 1937 French Indo-china 194041 – US boycott of scrap metal and other raw materials Pearl Harbor Dec. 7, 1941 War in the Far East US Strategy “Island Hopping” Emphasis on taking strategic islands and areas in the Pacific & not capturing every Japanese possession Turning the Tide Battle of Midway 1942 Guadalcanal 1942 Turning the Tide in Europe 90 Days in the Fall of 1942 Stalingrad on the Eastern Front El Alamein in Egypt Invasion of North Africa Victory in Europe Invasion & Defeat of Italy 1943 Russian victory at Kursk 1943 D-Day June 6, 1944 Operation Bagration Fire Bombing of Dresden 35,000 est civilian deaths Fall of Berlin May 1, 1945 Hitler committed suicide on April 30, 1945 German Surrender May 7, 1945 Europe Dec. 1944 Victory in the Pacific Battle of Philippines Iwo Jima 22,000 Japanese defended only 1,800 survived 6,800 US dead Okinawa 100,000 Japanese defenders only 7,455 surrendered 122,000 civilian deaths 12,513 US deaths Fire Bombing of Tokyo Feb 1945 100,000 est. dead Victory in the Pacific The Atomic Bomb The Manhattan Project Hiroshima August 6, 1945 Nagasaki August 9, 1945 VJ Day August 12, 1945 Japanese Surrender The Consequence of Victory The Cold War 1945-1990 Berlin Airlift 1947 - 48 Korean War 1950 – 53 Hungarian Revolution 1956 Berlin Wall Crisis 1961 Cuban Missle Crisis 1962 Vietnam War 1945 - 75 The Middle East 1947 - ? Afghanistan 1979 The struggle between capitalism and communism and democracy vs totalitarianism NATO vs Warsaw Pact
