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 Failure
of Putsch made Hitler realised that
he had to obtain power through the polls
 Re-organised the NSDAP
 Nazi used moderate means to gain political
support
 Held meetings, rallies, marches
 Used books, the newspapers, radio to spread
their ideas
By Mr Crowe
www.SchoolHistory.co.uk
Gustav Stresemann 1878-1929
Stresemann was Chancellor in 1923 only.
His main role was as Foreign Minister from 1924
He was a right-winger and more able than Ebert
He built up Germany’s prosperity again although all of Europe was
recovering
He signed Germany up to the Dawes Plan in 1924
• Germany’s reparations paid over a longer period
• America lent money to German industry and also to the Government to
pay reparations
• German currency reorganised
USA
loans
Germany
War debts
Rep’s
GB & FRANCE
Stresemann showed real skill in foreign policy – 1925
1.
Locarno Treaties – 1925
2.
1926 – Germany joined the League of Nations
3.
Young plan - 1929
After a number of years in the wilderness Germany was accepted back
into the international community
Germany, France, Italy, Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Poland met at Locarno
in Switzerland.
Signed a number of treaties to settle disputes between themselves
1.
France, Belgium and Germany agreed to accept borders as drawn up
by Treaty of Versailles
2.
Rhineland stayed demilitarised
3.
France would protect Poland and Czechoslovakia if attacked by
Germany
4.
Germany would not use force to settle disputes with neighbours
The League of Nations was the fore runner of the United Nations
Its aims were to:
• prevent aggression by any nation
•Encourage co-operation between nations
•Work towards international disarmament
•Improve the living and working conditions of all people
• The core was collective security – members of the League could
prevent war by acting together .
• Golden age of German cinema
• Night life, cabaret
POSITIVES
• Removal of censorship
• Unemployment and poverty still high
• Growing prosperity based on USA loans –
what would happen if USA wanted the money back ?
ne
ga
tiv
es
 Stresemann
wasn’t popular with either
the extreme nationalists like Hitler and
the Nazis, or with the Communists
 Hitler disliked the League because it
supported the Treaty of Versailles
 BUT both the Nazis and the Communists
made little progress in these years
because people were much better off and
their EXTREME ideas did not appeal to
people
 In
1920 he joined the National Socialist
German Workers' Party (NSDAP), better
known as the Nazi Party
 Hitler's political propaganda and promotions
gave him mass support
 He was especially with the urban bourgeoisie
 In 1921, Hitler became the Party Chairman
 Hindenburg
began to rule by presidential
decree – a form of dictatorship
 Between 1930 – 1932, there were 3
elections and several changes of
government
 1n the 1930 elections, there was a shift in
popularity to the extremist parties
 The Communists secured 77 seats, up
from 54
 Nazis, down to 12 seats before the
election, secured 107 seats
 In
1932, Hitler stood for presidential
elections
 He came in second only to Hindenburg
 In the Reichstag elections of same year,
Nazis increased their vote to 37% of votes
cast
 They obtained 230 seats
 Became the biggest single party in the
Reichstag

 Albert
Spear ( Architecture)
.Joseph Goebbels (Minister of Propaganda)
.Heinrich Himmler(Head of Gestapo)
 SS
 If
the other parties had united against
him
 But the Socialists and the Communists
could not work together
 1933, Chancellor Franz von Paten, leader
of a group of right-wing politicians made
an alliance with Hitler
 Persuaded Hindenburg to appoint Hitler as
Chancellor
 Von Papen would be Vice-Chancellor
 Hindenburg
decided
that the only way to
achieve a majority
coalition was by
offering Hitler the
chancellorship
 Single
party
 Cult of the leader
 Ideology- consisting of
an official body of
doctrine covering all
aspects of man’s
existence to which
everyone living in the
society is supposed to
adhere
A
system of terror
 Monopoly of control
by the party and the
govt of the media and
all cultural activity
 Control of all aspects
of citizen’s lives via
propaganda
 Centralised control
and direction of the
entire economy
 1.
control of the centre
 In February the Reichstag Fire led to the
decree for the Protection of the people and
the State which suspended civil liberties and
led to the virtual destruction of the
Communist Party.
 The Enabling Act enabled Hitler to acquire
power to bypass the Reichstag
 2.
Destruction of opposition groups. Trade
Unions were banned in May, replaced by the
German labour Front.
 July 1933, Germany became one party state.
 Laws were introduced which brought state
governments under Nazi control.
 Jan-August
1934
 State parliaments abolished, state
governments made subordinate to the Reich
government in Berlin
 Brought SA under control
 Army’s oath of allegiance to Hitler after
Hindenburg’s death
 Night
of the Long Knives
 Martin
Broszat – argued that nazism lacked a
distinct ideology and view Nazism as merely
a branch of Fascism, sharing a Europe-wide
militarism, hatred of communism, and
stressing centralism within the state.
 Hitler’s aim was to create a society in which
every indic=vidual saw the purpose of their
life as contibuting to the greater good of the
German volk, he attacked the idea of
individual rights as damaging the national
community. He aimed at a community that
would be superior to all others, composed of
pure Aryan Germans.
 There
was no room for asocials, the
disabled,non-Aryans
 1936-
Asocial colony was created for chronic
alcoholics.
 They were sent to concentration camps.
 10,000 tramps sent to camps
 25,000 gypsies
 1933-
Nazi Sterilisation Law made it
compulsory for a wide range of hereditary
diseases
 3,20,000 people sterilised
 May
1933- SA organised one day boycott of
Jewish business
 Jewish civil servants sacked
 1935- Nuremberg Laws deprived Jews of
German citizenship
 1938- Kristallnacht:
 Attack on Jewish properties and synagogues,
20,000 jews sent to camps, jewish doctors
and lawyers forbidden to work, aryan and
jewish children to be taught in different
schools
A
police state with Gestapo, SD, SS
 18 concentration camps, vicious punishment
code
 Decree of the protection of People and state
allowed indefinite detention without trial
 Dachau- first concentration camp March
1933. 2,25,000 Germans imprisoned for
political crimes.
 Gestapo set up in prussia- Hermann Goering
 SS was created in 1925- Himmler and SD in
1931
 Judges
could be removed for their political
beliefs
 Special courts were set up for political
crimes
 Judges were to interpret the law according
to ‘the will of the Fuhrer’
 Media
and arts were controlled
 Radio popularised
 Nazi rituals created to celebrate Nazi StateNurmberg rallies
 Celebration of the Munich Putsch
 Hitler’s birthday
 Kinder,
Kirche, Kuche (children, church,
kitchen)
 Married women excluded from civil services
and other professions
 Loans – interest free given to women who
left work to marry(Aryan)
 The Women’s Enterprise organised training
for women in domestic skills
 1930’s- Bronze medals-mothers with 4/5
children, Silver for 6/7 , Gold for 8 or more
 Women
encouraged to lead healthy life-
styles
 Divorce made easier for those in childless
marriages
 Result- birth rate increased by 1937 but it
was also due to improved economic
conditions.
 1936- the nazis had to modify their
employment policies because of labour
shortages
 All
other youth groups except for those run
by the Catholic church were closed down,
absorbed into the Hitler Youth (HJ)
 82% of all 11-18 year old were in the HJ or
League of German Maidens and in 1939
admission to it was made compulsory.

Train for war
Boys

For motherhood
Girls
 Edelweiss
pirates
 Navojos of Cologne
 Blitzkrieg in the West
 Battle of Britain
 Operation Barbarossa
 The Four Year Plan (1936)
 Aim
to develop loyalty to the regime
 No emphasis on developing the individual’s
ability
 Lessons in History and Biology- became
politicised
 Much greater emphasis on physical Education
 Teachers became disillusioned due to
interference of Party and undermined by the
HJ
 How
did Hitler exploit conditions in Germany
to create a single party state?
1933 - 1945
 The





SS
an elite group of committed Nazis, used to
eliminate the SA in June 1934
charged with internal security
guarded concentration camps
hunted political enemies
commanded by Heinrich Himmler
 The


Gestapo
The secret state police. Used to suppress
hostility to the regime at home and in occupied
territories.
Commanded by Himmler
 Concentration





Camps
run by the SS to detain enemies of the state
Dachau 1933
Prisoners - Jews, political, priests, anti-socials
By 1939 six camps were operating.
Extermination Camps Auschwitz-Birkenau
 The


Press
all non Nazi newspapers and magazines were
taken over or closed
all content was strictly controlled
Radio
All stations under state control. Cheap
mass produced radios sold. Sets installed
in cafes and factories. All Hitlers speeches
broadcast.
 Films
: Over 100 000 made all approved by
Goebbels. All films given a pro Nazi stance
Ministry for Public Propaganda
and
Enlightenment
Joseph
Goebbels
 Rallies




and Campaigns
Annual rally at Nuremburg
1936 Olympic Games, used as propaganda
Local rallies and fund raising led by the Hitler
Youth and local party organisations
Posters used to promote Nazi ideals
 Books



and Art
writers, and composers persuaded or forced to
produce works in praise of Hitler
Books written by Jews, Communists etc were
banned and many destroyed in public book
burning in 1933
Jazz music banned because of its black origins
Nazi Part
Attitudes
Claimed to
approve of
Christianity and
offer religious
freedom. In fact
attacked
Churches and
religious sects
Protestant Churches:
1933 attempt by Hitler to
gain control and establish a
Reich Church. Reich
Church was anti-Christian
and promoted Nazism.
Confessional Church
founded in defiance of
Nazis
Catholic Church : Concordat 1933 in theory allowed
Catholic Church to operate freely in return for an oath
of loyalty. 1937 after a steady erosion of its influence
Pope condemns Nazi’s. Never take a stand on Jewish
persecutions
Hitler
blamed the Jews for
 Treaty of Versailles
 Inflation 1923
 Economic collapse 1929 -32
 1933
- Unsuccessful boycott of Jewish shops
 Jews excluded from Government jobs
 Thousands of professional Jewish people
were dismissed from jobs
 1934 - Jews banned from public places,
parks, swimming pools etc.
 1935
- The Nuremburg Laws 15 September
 1 - The Reich Law on citizenship - only
those of German blood can be citizens, and
have the right to vote.
 2- Law for the protection of German Blood
and Honour - forbids marriage or sexual
relations between Jews and German citizens
 1936
- 37

The professional activity of Jews is banned or
restricted - includes vets, doctors, dentists,
accountants, teachers and nurses

1938 Qualifications of Jewish doctors is cancelled
 1938


- Riechkristalnacht 9th November
Following the murder of a German diplomat in
Paris by a Jew a campaign is started which last 3
days and targets Jewish shops, homes and
synagogues. 90 killed 20 000 arrested and sent to
concentration camps
Jewish children excluded form schools and
Universities
 1939
- Jews no longer allowed to run
businesses and shops


forbidden to own radios and to buy cakes and
chocolate
1940 - 42 Jews deported from Germany Jews in
occupied territories moved into ghettos and used
as slave labour. Special SS groups formed to deal
with the Jews. Gassing in vans starts
 The
Wannsee Conference Jan 1942
 Decision
taken by Nazi leaders led by
Heydrich meet to discuss the final solution
 Decision to evacuate all Jews to
extermination camps in Poland is taken
 Over 4.5 million Jews killed in death camps
Homosexuals, Gypsies and other undesirables
sent to concentration camps
 Mentally ill sent to concentration camps
 The Euthanasia programme
 people judged worthless to the regime were
killed.
 5,000 children 71, 000 adults
 Stopped in 1941 after protest from Pope
 Forced Sterilisation programme to prevent
contamination of the Aryan race

 Autarky
 Deficit
financing – spending money on job
creation, large-scale borrowing
 Wehrwirtschaft – an economy geared to the
demands of war
 Spending
money on public work programmesbuild new houses, plant forests, reclaim land
 Encouraging the expansion of the car
industry, cutting the tax on petrol, building a
new motorway network
 Offering cash incentives to persuade women
to give up their jobs
 Massive rearmament programme- created
new jobs
 Re-introducing conscription in 1935
 Revise
treaty of Versailles
 unite all German speaking people in one
country à (make a greater Germany )
 living space (lebensraum) -- to be
independent
 In the east wanted:
as far as the Caucasus and Iran .
 In the west:
Flanders ( Belgium ) and Holland .
Need Sweden to become colonial power.
Thought he should rule all Europe because
otherwise it would fall apart as a nation.
 Wanted
the Sudetenland because it had:
 Coal and copper mines
 Power stations
 Good framing land
 The Skoda arms works, the biggest in Europe
 Protection, bohemian Alps and chain of
fortresses.
 People there spoke German
 Wanted
-
Polish Corridor because:
divided the country in two
German speaking people
 The
Rhineland :
wanted to rearm; control over it
again.
Hitler was Austrian (NB)
 8 million German speaking people
 was banned by treaty of Versailles (revise
treaty)
 to help make Germany strong
Nazi Propaganda
By Mr Moorhouse
www.SchoolHistory.co.uk
www.SchoolsHistory.org.uk
What is propaganda?
 Propaganda is the
use of the Media to
aggressively promote
one point of view.
 Propaganda is
‘brainwashing’ of the
public, convincing
them of an
ideological viewpoint.

 The
Nazi’s quickly recognised the value
of the media. From the early days of the
party they used aggressive advertising
to promote the nazi ideology
 Goebbels was in charge of ‘enlightening’
the German public
 Posters
 Radio
 Film
 Newspapers
Posters are cheap
and easy to
distribute
 Placed in prominent
positions they act as
a constant reminder
of ideology
 Can be used for
many purposes

Examples of Nazi Posters
 Hitler’s
Speeches
Hitler is considered to have been one of the
greatest public speakers of all time.
Film
Film was used to show Hitler in a positive light as often as possible.
The Nazi’s commissioned several films, each carefully portraying a certain
image – try to think what this may have been…
 Censoring
newspapers ensures that only
the news you want people to read is
available to the public
 Nazi party members wrote many articles
for the press, ensuring that the
message was always positive
 Many publications were banned
 Austria
1934
 Rhineland 1936
 Austria 1938
 Czechoslovakia 1938
 Poland 1939
Try to take
over Austria
by sending
troops to
Vienna
Try to take
over
Austria by
political
pressure
Do nothing,
its not
worth
annoying
France,
Britain and
Italy
Send in the
troops.
France is
divided and
Britain
wants peace
Ask
permission
from the
Allies
before
doing
anything
Do nothing,
you can’t
risk war
with
France.
Germany is
too weak
Try to take
over Austria
by sending
troops to
Vienna
Try to take
over
Austria by
political
pressure
Do nothing,
its not
worth
annoying
France,
Britain and
Italy
Invade
Czechoslovaki
a and hope
the army
follows your
orders
Make a
deal with
Russia and
hope
Britain and
France
ignore your
actions
Threaten
the Czechs
and make
a deal with
Britain and
France
Do a Deal
with Russia
to split
Poland
between
you
Invade
Poland
without any
agreements
no-one can
stop you
now
Stop now,
you’ve
already
achieved
most of
your aims
 Francisco
Franco-
Spain
 Mussolini- italy
 Japanese
 The
Hossbach
Memorandum
 Anschluss
 Sudentenland
 Considered
Czechs as
an inferior race and
resented them
 Czechoslovakia was
created by the 191920 Peace Settlement
and included over 3
million Sudeten
Germans
 Czechoslovakia
was a
democratic state
 It was an ally of
France and USSR and
had an efficient army
which was an obstacle
to Hitler’s expansion
eastwards.
 The
Nazi- Soviet Pact
 Blitzkrieg
in the West
 Battle of Britain
 Operation Barbarossa
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