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World War II – 1939-1945 • Causes • 1. Treaty of Versailles – 1919 – punished Germany for World War I • 2. Great Depression – 1929-1940 – world-wide economic problems • 3. Nationalism/Militarism • 4. Rise of totalitarianism – government has complete control • 5. Fascism– one person controls the government – Dictatorship – government is more important than individuals • • Europe • Italy • 1922 – Benito Mussolini becomes dictator of Italy – “Il Duce” (the leader) • Blackshirts • Promised to bring order and prosperity to Italy • 1935 – invaded Ethiopia • Wanted to create a new Roman Empire • • • • • • • • • • • • • Germany Nazis – National Socialist German Workers’ Party 1923 – Adolf Hitler attempts to overthrow government – he is arrested and jailed – writes Mein Kampf (My Struggle) Aryan – Master Race 1932 – Hitler elected Chancellor of Germany - Der Fuhrer( the leader) Third Reich – set up dictatorship over Germany 1. Rebuilt Military 2. Began massive jobs programs 3. took back Rhineland - 1936 4. began discrimination against Jews Kristallnacht – night of broken glass – Nov. 9, 1938 SA – Sturmabteilung – Brownshirts Night of the Long Knives - 1934 SS – Schutzstaffel – Hitler’s bodyguard – eventually were running everything Gestapo – secret police Axis Leaders Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Swastika Heil Hitler – Nazi salute probably based on old Roman custom Benito Mussolini arrested for speaking about overthrowing government Adolf Hitler as a child Hitler Artwork Hitler’s mother Klara Hitler’s father, Alois BFF’S Nazi Rally at Nuremberg in 1936 Hitler Parades The SA The SS The Gestapo Europe • 1936 – Germany and Italy formed Axis Powers – both desire more living space, resources, and power • 1938 – Germany takes over Austria • 1938-39 – Germany takes over Czechoslovakia • September 1938 – Munich Conference – • Appeasement – Neville Chamberlain German Expansion Munich Conference Neville Chamberlain Appeasement Japan • • • • • • • • Japan needed natural resources, especially oil 1931 – Japan invades Manchuria in China By 1937, Japan controls most of Northern China Franklin Roosevelt cuts off the sale of metals and oil to Japan to punish them for their aggression Japan decides that America is a threat and begins planning an attack Emperor Hirohito Military Dictatorship – General Hideki Tojo Japan joins Axis Powers in 1940 Japanese Expansion Hirohito General Hideki Tojo Admiral Yamamoto War Begins • September 1, 1939 – Germany invades Poland – France and England (Allied Powers) declare war on Germany (Phony War) • Winston Churchill – British Prime Minister • Blitzkrieg - lightning war • April 1940 – Denmark and Norway conquered • May-June 1940 – France conquered – England is alone • U.S. President–Franklin D. Roosevelt 1933-1945 • Lend-Lease Act - 1940 – U.S. loans weapons and supplies to England • Atlantic Charter – August 1941 • December 7, 1941 - Japanese bomb U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii Allied Leaders Franklin D. Roosevelt Winston Churchill Arizona Memorial Mobilizing for War • • • • • • • 1940 – Selective Training and Service Act 15 million Americans joined military War Production Board Women and Minorities – Rosie the Riveter Tuskegee Airmen Navajo Codetalkers Japanese-Americans – Nisei - many faced internment (imprisonment) in 1942 – over 125,000 lost their possessions and stayed in prison camps until the war is over • War Bonds • Victory Gardens • Rationing Internment Camps for Japanese Americans Battles in North Africa and Europe • Battle of the Atlantic – 1940-44 – America trying to send supplies and troops to England • Battle of Britain - 1940 • Africa – fighting was for control of oil fields and Suez Canal • El Alamein – November 1942 • 1. Bernard Montgomery – British General • 2. Erwin Rommel – German General – Desert • Fox • Dwight Eisenhower – Main American commander Bernard Montgomery Erwin Rommel European Battles • Eastern Front • June 22, 1941 - Germany invades Soviet Union • Sept. 1942-February 1943 – Stalingrad turning point of the war • August 1943 – Kursk • Joseph Stalin – Dictator of Soviet Union Communism • Western Front • November 1942, Allies invade North Africa • September 1943 – Allies invade Italy • 1942-45 – Allied Bombing of Germany • June 6, 1944 – D-Day – Allies invade German-occupied France • December 1944 – Battle of the Bulge • Roosevelt dies on April 12, 1945 – Harry Truman becomes President • Hitler commits suicide on April 30, 1945 • Germany surrenders on May 7, 1945 • VE Day – Victory in Europe – May 8, 1945 Joseph Stalin Dwight D. Eisenhower Bernard Montgomery George S. Patton Battle of Stalingrad D-Day – June 6, 1944 D-Day Maps D-Day D-Day Battle of the Bulge Battle of the Bulge Mussolini and Mistress Eva Braun and Hitler Harry Truman Japanese Battles • • • • • • • • • • • Philippines – December 1941-May 1942 Chester Nimitz – American naval commander Douglas Macarthur – American Army commander Midway – June 1942 – turning point in Pacific Guadalcanal – August 1942- February 1943 Island-hopping Battle of Leyte Gulf – October 1944 Iwo Jima – February 1945 – Kamikaze (Divine Wind) Okinawa – April – June 1945 Manhattan Project August 6, 1945 – U.S. drops atomic bomb on Hiroshima – “Little Boy” • August 9, 1945 – second bomb dropped on Nagasaki – “Fat Man” • August 15, 1945 – Japan surrenders • VJ Day – Victory over Japan – September 2, 1945 Douglas Macarthur Chester Nimitz Okinawa Iwo Jima Kamikaze about to hit U.S.S. Missouri Assembly of first atomic bomb Atomic Bomb explosions Cost/Effects of the War • • • • • • 50 to 60 million dead – maybe as many as 100 million Cost between 1 to 2 trillion dollars Europe and parts of Asia devastated Europe divided between a free West and a Communist East controlled by Soviet Union – Iron Curtain United States emerges as a world superpower and leader of the free world – Soviet Union becomes main rival – Cold War NATO/Warsaw Pact – nuclear arms race – Soviet Union develops atomic weapons in 1949 • • • • • • • • Holocaust – genocide (murder) of Jews in Europe 6 million dead – two-thirds of all Jews in Europe – 11 million total Death Camps Nuremberg Trials – Nazi leaders tried for war crimes in 1945-46 – 12 executed International Military Tribunal for the Far East – war crimes trials for Japan – 720 executed Creation of United Nations Creation of Israel Marshall Plan German Concentration Camps Crematorium Auschwitz Gas Chamber at Auschwitz Auschwitz Oskar Schindler Herman Goering Heinrich Himmler Nazi Leaders Josef Goebbels Josef Mengele Adolf Eichmann German Tanks German Tiger Tank American Sherman Tank Russian T-34 Flamethrower MG-42 German MP-40 Kar-98 US machine gun M-1 BAR American B-17 bomber American P-51 Mustang American P-38 Lightning German Me-109 German Me-262 – first jet plane German V-1 buzzbomb V-2 – first guided missile