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WORLD WAR II: Threats to World Peace • 1928 Kellogg-Briand Pact – International peace – Made war “illegal” • • • • Japan i/t Pacific Italy in Ethiopia Civil War in Spain 1936 Axis Powers formed – Anti-Comintern Treaty • 1938 Austria annexed The Road to War • 1938 Munich Conference • APPEASEMENT – Sudetenland annexed by Germany • UK’s Chamberlain “peace in our time” – Czechoslovakia: German protectorate – Seized Slovakia • Which countries were represented? The NAZI-SOVIET Pact (1939) • Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact • E. Europe spheres of influence – W. Poland to Germany • Polish Corridor • Polish access to Danzig – Baltics & E. Poland to USSR • Sept., 1, 1939: Nazi invasion of Poland – World War II begins • BLITZKRIEG: “lightning war” Hitler’s NEW ORDER • Jun ’41: breaks the NaziUSSR non-aggression pact • Hitler calls for: – 1 European political & economic system • FASCISM – “Aryan race” – supply food & resources • Slavs: racially inferior Hitler’s FINAL SOLUTION • Answer t/t “Jewish Question” • The HOLOCAUST • The annihilation of all European Jews – zeal o/t minority of Germans – passivity o/t majority • Concentration Camps – “protective custody” – Germany: Dachau & Buchenwald – Poland: Auschwitz & Treblinka (extermination camps) • Slavs, Gypsies and homosexuals were also victims • No less than 6 million Jews were killed Atlantic Charter • August 1941: FDR & Churchill publicly announce their national policies – 8 Provisions: – pg. 725 • Meeting in Wash., DC Jan 42 – 26 nations attended – Total War – Not to sign separate peace treaties – Abide by Atlantic Charter Battle for the Seas • Atlantic Ocean – Spring ’43: Allies control the Atlantic • Convoys • Sonar detects subs – Most German cities bombed • Pacific Ocean – Battle of Coral Sea • saves Australia – Battle of Midway – Island Hopping – Aug. ’42: Guadalcanal • First invasion of Japanese held territory – Battle of Okinawa • 12,500 Americans KIA • 110,000 Japanese KIA – Hiroshima & Nagasaki Battle of Iwo Jima Important Battles • January 1943: German’s surrender at Stalingrad • May 1943: German’s surrender in N. Africa • “soft belly o/t Axis” – Italy (July ’43) Sicily – Mussolini resigns • Badoglio new premier • Dissolved Fascist gov’t • Cease fire Mussolini shot & hung by own people Victory in Europe • OPERATION OVERLORD • 6 June ’44: D-DAY – invasion of NORMANDY – largest amphibious assault in history • “second front” for USSR – US v. USSR • Who would get to Berlin first? • drive from the east • drive from the west • Battle of the Bulge (Dec. ’44) – 50 ml wedge into Allied lines – 10 day battle – 600,000 Americans involved • 80,000 American KIA • 100,000 Germans KIA – Nazi’s recognized defeat • V-E Day (May 8, 1945) • V-J Day (Sept. 2, 1945) – Aug 6, 1945: Hiroshima – Aug 9, 1945: Nagasaki YALTA (Feb. ’45) • The Big Three – FDR, Churchill and Stalin meet – Germany will be divided – Liberated Europe will be able to have elections – USSR would enter war against Japan • receive Japanese territory • POTSDAM (July ’45) – Truman now US pres – Clement Attlee now PM of UK • Ultimatum to Japan Costs of WWII • • • • • • • • 22 million soldiers KIA 34 million soldiers WIA USSR: 7-11 million dead Germany: 3.5 mil KIA soldiers Japan: 2 million KIA total Europe: 16 mil civilians KIA Millionsssssss of Refugees Bombing and killing of civilians simply became a war strategy Post-World War II • Nuremberg Trials (1945-49) – De-Nazification • Nazi party illegal – Nazi leaders being held accountable for horrors o/t war • Crimes Against Humanity • 22 charges – 12 death sentences – 7 life imprisonments – 3 acquittals • Allied Control Council – – – – Allied occupation of Germany demilitarize Germany reparations future borders • East German refugees flood West Germany – East & West Germany Origins of the COLD WAR • The Berlin Blockade led to the Berlin Airlift – Germany is divided – Beginning of the COLD WAR • Truman Doctrine ‘47 – spread of communism is a threat to democracy – US policy to stop • Containment policy • Marshall Plan ’48-’52 – Euro. Recovery Program – $13 billion for rebuilding • COMINFORM – Comm. Information Bureau – opposed Truman & Marshall plans – threat to communism COLD WAR Divisions