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CAUSES OF WWII Treaty of Versailles •Frustration •Resentment WORLD WAR II •Lost territory •Reparations •War Guilt Aggression •Japan 1931 Great Depression •Rhineland (1936) •Austria (1936) Racism •Czech. (1938) •Poland (1939) Militarism Extreme Nationalism •Rearmament •Jews scapegoats for ills of society •Holocaust WORLD WAR II: EUROPE September 3, 1939 • Britain & France declare war on Germany after Hitler refuses to withdraw from Poland. • Although war is declared no actual battles will be fought until 1940. September 17, 1939 • USSR invades Poland and then continues north to capture the Baltic Republics. (Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia and Finland) The Phoney War (Sept. 3/39 to May 10/40) • The period between the declaration of war and the German invasion of France. • No real fighting took place. The Maginot Line Invasion of France • German forces bypass the Maginot line and invade Belgium. • In three days drove 500km into France. (May 10, 1940) "I believe that, if an adequate fighter force is kept in this country, if the fleet remains in being, and if Home Forces are suitably organized to resist invasion, we should be able to carry on the war single-handed for some time, if not indefinitely. But, if the Home Defence Force is drained away in desperate attempts to remedy the situation in France, defeat in France will involve the final, complete and irremediable defeat of this country." ACM HUGH DOWDING May 16, 1940 Miracle at Dunkirk (May 26, 1940) • British & French troops pushed back to the sea and surrounded by German forces. • German armies halted attack. • A flotilla of military and civilian ships from Britain rescue over 300, 000 troops. ` June 22, 1940 Vichy France • French were permitted to govern the interior of France. • Marshal Petain ruled by decree. (Nazi puppet state) – i.e. deportation of 75,000 Jews to German concentration camps • Charles de Gaulle led the French Free Forces from London and Algiers. Battle of Britain • The planned invasion of Britain by Germany was called Operation Sea Lion. 1. 2. • Command of the air over English Channel Launch an armada of barges with German soldiers onto the beaches of Britain. The RAF (Royal Air Force) was stretched to the limits by attacks from the Luftwaffe (German Air Force). The Blitz • An errant bombing raid on London sparked British retaliation on Berlin. • Hitler redirects his forces to attack British cities. • This allowed the RAF to rebuild. • Became apparent to Hitler the Germany would not be able to invade Britain. The Blitz • 50 000 civilians dead • 80 000 wounded EUROPE 1940 Operation Barbarossa June 22, 1941 • Germany invades the USSR. • The Germans called for a quick and decisive victory in the summer. • Despite early success the German advance falls short of Moscow as the winter sets in. The Atlantic Charter August, 1941 • Document issued by Roosevelt and Churchill outlining their vision for the post-war world. – Called for the defeat and disarmament of the Axis nations. – The U.S. and U.K. would seek no additional territory at the end of war. – All peoples would have the right to choose their government. Japan Attacks Pearl Harbour December 7, 1941 • Japan launches a surprise attack on the U.S. Naval base in Hawaii. • This brings the U.S. into the war. • Hitler declares war on the U.S. December 11, 1941. • Decision is made to concentrate war effort on Germany first. Dieppe August, 1942 • Stalin asked Churchill and Eisenhower to help the USSR by opening up a Western front in continental Europe. • There was a need to test the complex combination of land, naval and air maneuvers required by a large-scale invasion in real action conditions. • Raid was a disaster (9hours/1000 lives) but was useful in providing knowledge which was later to make victory possible. Battle of Stalingrad September, 1942 • German armies after… 1. 2. • • • Resource base Cut off supply routes The city of Stalingrad stood in the way. Battle continued for 5 months and the city became a smoking graveyard. Soviet troops surrounded German armies in city and forced the surrender of 90 000 soldiers. Battle of El Alamein October, 1942 • 10 day battle in a tiny village in Egypt Rommel (Afrika Corps) vs. Montgomery (Desert Rats) • Was the beginning of the liberation of N.Africa. • With help from fresh American soldiers under the leadership of Eisenhower the Allies were able to defeat the Germans • May, 1943 Germany surrendered in Africa. Invasion of Italy July, 1943 • British, American and Canadian troops invaded Sicily. • People of Italy turned on Mussolini and imprisoned him. (eventually rescued) • New Italian government agreed to ceasefire. Strategic Bombing • Instead of opening a second front Allies decided to bomb strategic targets in Fortress Europe. • Incendiary bombs used to create firestorms to destroy targets. (Dresden) • These firestorms created winds powerful enough to suck people into the flames and reached temperatures hot enough to melt glass and steel. Operation Overlord (D-Day) June 6, 1944 V-E Day May 8, 1945 • April 30, 1945 Hitler committed suicide in his underground bunker in Berlin. • German forces surrendered May 8, 1945. • War in Europe was over but WWII still raged on in the Pacific. The Holocaust • The Final Solution or liquidation of all Jews, Gypsies, and most Slavs in Europe. (including all who opposed the Nazi Party) • Death camps were created to rid the Third Reich of the unwanted. – Auschwitz (12 000/per day) Liberation of Auschwitz – 67% (6 million) of Jewish population in Europe was annihilated. (90% in Poland/Germany) The Holocaust Group Jews Slavs Russian POW’s Gypsies/Homosexuals Approximate # Killed 6 Million 10-11 Million 3 Million 1 Million Approximately 21 million killed The Nuremburg Trials • Nazi leaders who directed the war and the Holocaust were put on trial. • The Nuremburg trials established precedents in international law for dealing with war crimes and crimes against humanity.