Download B. - White Plains Public Schools

Chapter Introduction
Section 1: America and the
World
Section 2: World War II Begins
Section 3: The Holocaust
Section 4: America Enters the
War
Visual Summary
Could World War II
Have Been Prevented?
In the 1930s, global economic
problems brought dictators to power in
Europe and Japan, and another world
war erupted. Many Americans,
disillusioned by World War I, wanted to
remain neutral, but when Japan
attacked Pearl Harbor, the United
States was forced to join the war.
• What problems do you think World
War I created that contributed to
the outbreak of World War II?
• Do you think different American
policies in the 1920s and 1930s
could have prevented World War II?
America and the World
How did events after WWI
lead to dictatorships and
American neutrality?
World War II Begins
What steps led to war in
Europe in the late 1930s?
The Holocaust
How did the Nazis
persecute the Jewish
people?
America Enters the War
How did the United States
become involved in World
War II?
Big Ideas
Government and Society In the years following
World War I, aggressive and expansionistic
governments took power in both Europe and Asia.
Content Vocabulary
• fascism
• collective
• internationalism
Academic Vocabulary
• exploit
• dominate
People and Events to Identify
• Benito Mussolini
• Vladimir Lenin
• Joseph Stalin
• Adolph Hitler
• Manchuria
• Neutrality Act of 1935
• Axis Powers
Should the United States take
measures to stop dictators from
ruling other countries?
A. Yes
B. No
A. A
B. B
0%
A
0%
B
The Rise of Dictators
Dictators took control of the
governments of Italy, the Soviet Union,
Germany, and Japan.
The Rise of Dictators, 1922–1933
The Rise of Dictators (cont.)
• In 1919, Benito Mussolini founded Italy’s
Fascist Party.
− Fascism was an aggressive nationalistic
movement that considered the nation
more important than the individual.
− Once in office, Mussolini worked quickly to
set up a dictatorship.
Italy Invades Ethiopia, 1935
The Rise of Dictators (cont.)
• After the Russian Revolution, the
Communist Party, led by Vladimir Lenin,
established communist governments
throughout the Russian Empire.
− In 1922 they renamed these territories the
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
(USSR).
The Rise of Dictators (cont.)
• By 1926, Joseph Stalin had become the
new Soviet dictator.
− Family farms were combined and turned
into collectives.
− Between 8 and 10 million people died
during Stalin’s rule, which lasted until his
death in 1953.
The Rise of Dictators (cont.)
• One of the new political parties in Germany
was called the National Socialist German
Workers’ Party, or the Nazi Party.
− The party was nationalistic and
anticommunist, calling for Germany to
expand its territory and not abide by the
terms of the Treaty of Versailles.
− They were also anti-Semitic.
The Rise of Dictators (cont.)
• After Adolf Hitler’s first plan to seize power
in Germany failed, he focused on getting
Nazis elected to the Reichstag.
− By 1932, the Nazis were the largest party
in the Reichstag.
− The following year, the German president
appointed Hitler as chancellor.
− In 1934, Hitler became president, giving
himself the title of Der Führer.
The Rise of Dictators (cont.)
• In Japan, difficult economic times helped
undermine the political system.
• Japanese military leaders and their civilian
supporters argued that seizing Manchuria
was the only way Japan could get the
resources it needed.
− The Japanese prime minister was
assassinated when he tried to
stop the war by negotiating with
China.
Japan Invades Manchuria, 1931
The Rise of Dictators (cont.)
• Japan’s civilian government supported the
nationalist policy of expanding the empire
and appointed a military officer to serve as
prime minister.
Japan Invades Manchuria, 1931
Which of the following dictators wrote
Mein Kampf?
A. Benito Mussolini
B. Vladimir Lenin
0%
D
A
0%
A
B
C
0%
D
C
D. Adolph Hitler
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
C. Joseph Stalin
American Neutrality
Most Americans did not want to get
involved in another European war,
despite Roosevelt’s emphasis on
internationalism.
American Neutrality (cont.)
• Isolationist ideas became stronger in the
early 1930s for two reasons:
− In 1934, all of the debtor nations except
Finland announced they would no longer
repay their war debts.
− The Nye Committee documented the huge
profits that arms factories had made
during the war, creating the impression
that these businesses influenced the
decision to go to war.
American Neutrality (cont.)
• Worried that the actions of Italy and
Germany might lead to war, Congress
passed the Neutrality Act of 1935.
− Later, they passed the Neutrality Act of
1937, which required the countries at war
to pay cash and to send their own ships to
pick up any nonmilitary supplies.
The Neutrality Acts, 1935–1937
American Neutrality (cont.)
• Germany, Italy, and Japan became known as
the Axis Powers, although they did not
formally become military allies until
September 1940.
• FDR supported internationalism and
authorized the sale of weapons to China
after Japanese forces launched a full-scale
attack.
The Neutrality Acts prohibited which
of the following?
A. Engaging in war with any nation
B. Speaking to any dictators
0%
D
0%
C
A. A
B. B
C. 0%C
0%
D. D
B
D. Importing goods from
warring nations
A
C. Selling arms to any country
at war
Big Ideas
Trade, War, and Migration World War II officially
began with the Nazi invasion of Poland and the French
and British declarations of war on Germany in
September 1939.
Content Vocabulary
• appeasement
• blitzkrieg
Academic Vocabulary
• violation
• concentrate
• regime
• transport
People and Events to Identify
• Anschluss
• Munich Conference
• Maginot Line
• Winston Churchill
• Battle of Britain
Do you think that war could have
been avoided if Europe’s leaders had
not tried to appease Hitler?
A. Yes
B. No
A. A
B. B
0%
A
0%
B
Path to War
European nations tried to prevent war
by giving in to Adolf Hitler’s demands.
Path to War (cont.)
• Europe’s leaders believed that a deal could
be reached with Hitler and war could be
avoided for three reasons:
− They wanted to avoid a repeat of the
bloodshed of World War I.
− Some thought most of Hitler’s demand
were reasonable.
− Many people assumed that the Nazis
would be more interested in peace once
they gained more territory.
Path to War (cont.)
• In late 1937 Hitler called for the unification of
all German-speaking people, including those
in Austria and Czechoslovakia.
− Hitler sent troops into Austria in March
1938 and announced the Anschluss of
Austria and Germany.
The Causes of World War II in Europe, 1935–1939
Path to War (cont.)
• Hitler next announced German claims to the
Sudetenland, an area of Czechoslovakia
with a large German-speaking population.
− At the Munich Conference, on
September 29, 1938, Britain and France
agreed to Hitler’s demands, a policy that
came to be known as appeasement.
The Causes of World War II in Europe, 1935–1939
Path to War (cont.)
• However, in March 1939 Germany sent troops
into Czechoslovakia and divided the country.
− The Czech lands became a German
protectorate.
• A month after the Munich Conference, Hitler
demanded control of Danzig, a part of Poland.
− He also requested a highway and railroads
across the Polish Corridor.
The Causes of World War II in Europe, 1935–1939
Path to War (cont.)
• On March 31, 1939, Britain announced that if
Poland went to war to defend its territory,
Britain and France would come to its aid.
• Poland refused to give in to Germany’s
demands.
• Germany and the USSR signed a
nonaggression pact on August 23, 1939.
What was Hitler’s initial act that
eventually led to war?
A. Declaring war on Poland
A
0%
0%
D
D. Aligning with Russia
A
B
C0%
D
C
C. Dividing Czechoslovakia
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
B. Defying the Treaty of
Versailles
The War Begins
After Poland and France fell to the
Nazis, the British evacuated thousands
of trapped troops from Dunkirk.
The War Begins (cont.)
• By October 5, 1939, the Germans had
defeated the Polish military.
• The Polish army was outdated; plus, the
Germans used a new type of warfare called
blitzkrieg.
• Rather than risk their troops by attacking, the
French preferred to wait behind the Maginot
Line for the Germans to approach.
The War Begins (cont.)
• This decision proved to be disastrous for two
reasons:
− It allowed Germany to concentrate on
Poland first before turning west to face the
British and French.
− Hitler decided to go around the Maginot
Line, which protected France’s border with
Germany, but not France’s border with
Belgium.
The War Begins (cont.)
• As soon as the attack began, British and
French forces raced north into Belgium.
− When the Germans reached France, the
British and French were still in Belgium
and could not move back quickly enough.
− The Germans began to drive them toward
the English Channel.
What was the downside to the evacuation at
Dunkirk?
A. Almost all of the British army’s
equipment remained there.
0%
D
0%
A
D. The French refused to take part
in the evacuation.
C
C. Hitler had time to plan another
attack during these three days.
A. A
B. B
C.0% C0%
D. D
B
B. The boats used to transport the
troops were ruined in the process.
Britain Remains Defiant
Despite the bombing of London and
other major cities, Britain’s Winston
Churchill stood firm against the threat
of Nazi invasion.
Britain Remains Defiant (cont.)
• On June 4, 1940, Winston Churchill
delivered a defiant speech in Parliament,
vowing that Britain would never surrender.
• The Luftwaffe and the Royal Air Force battled
from June 1940 into the fall of 1940, an air
battle that became known as the Battle of
Britain.
• On August 23, German bombers accidentally
bombed London.
• In return, the British bombed Berlin.
Britain Remains Defiant (cont.)
• Although the Royal Air Force was
outnumbered, the British used a new
technology called radar to detect the arrival
of German planes.
• The British fighters inflicted more losses on
the Germans than they suffered themselves,
and on October 12, 1940, Hitler canceled the
invasion of Britain.
How many more planes did the
Germans lose than the British?
A. 212
B. 415
0%
D
A
0%
A
B
C
0%
D
C
D. 818
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
C. 650
Big Ideas
Group Action The Nazis believed Jews to be
subhuman. They steadily increased their persecution
of Jews and eventually set up death camps and tried to
kill all the Jews in Europe.
Content Vocabulary
• concentration camp
• extermination camp
Academic Vocabulary
• prohibit
• assume
• virtually
People and Events to Identify
• Shoah
• Nuremberg Laws
• Gestapo
• Wannsee Conference
Should the Unites States allow
refugees or victims of persecution to
immigrate at any time?
A. Yes
B. No
A. A
B. B
0%
A
0%
B
Nazi Persecution of the Jews
Nazi laws stripped Jews of citizenship
and full fundamental rights;
immigration restrictions in other
countries made leaving Germany
difficult.
Nazi Persecution of the Jews (cont.)
• During the Holocaust, the Nazis killed nearly
6 million European Jews.
− The Hebrew term for the Holocaust is
Shoah, meaning “catastrophe.”
• Although the Nazis persecuted anyone who
dared oppose them, as well as the disabled,
Gypsies, homosexuals, and Slavic peoples, they
reserved their strongest hatred for the Jews.
Nazi Persecution of the Jews (cont.)
• After the Nazis took power, they quickly
moved to deprive German Jews of many
established rights.
− In September 1935 the Nuremberg Laws
took citizenship away from Jewish
Germans and prohibited marriage
between Jews and other Germans.
− Soon, other rights, such as the ability to
work in certain professions, were taken
away as well.
Nazi Persecution of the Jews (cont.)
• On November 7, 1938, a young Jewish
refugee named Herschel Grynszpan shot
and killed a German diplomat in Paris.
− In retaliation, Hitler ordered his minister of
propaganda, Joseph Goebbels, to stage
attacks against the Jews that would seem
like a spontaneous reaction to news of the
murder.
Nazi Persecution of the Jews (cont.)
• The anti-Jewish violence that erupted
throughout Germany and Austria that night
came to be called Kristallnacht, or “night of
broken glass.”
− Following the night of violence, the
Gestapo arrested at least 20,000 wealthy
Jews, releasing them only if they agreed to
emigrate and surrender all their
possessions.
Nazi Persecution of the Jews (cont.)
• Between 1933, when Hitler took power, and
the start of World War II in 1939, some
350,000 Jews escaped Germany.
− However, many Jews remained trapped in
Nazi-dominated Europe.
Nazi Persecution of the Jews (cont.)
• Several factors limited Jewish immigration to
the United States:
− Jews could not take more than about four
dollars out of Germany, and American
immigration laws forbade granting a visa to
anyone “likely to become a public charge.”
− High unemployment rates in the 1930s made
immigration unpopular.
− Some Americans were anti-Semitic.
Nazi Persecution of the Jews (cont.)
− The existing immigration policy allowed
only 150,000 immigrants annually.
• At an international conference on refuges in
1938, several European countries, the United
States, and Latin America stated their regret
that they could not take in more of Germany’s
Jews.
• The SS St. Louis, with 930 Jewish refugees on
board, was denied permission to dock in Cuba
or the United States and turned back to
Europe.
Jews were deprived of the following
rights EXCEPT
A. holding public office.
B. voting.
0%
D
A
0%
A
B
C
0%
D
C
D. leaving the country.
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
C. keeping their
German-sounding names.
The Final Solution
Nazi atrocities included sending
millions of Jews, Gypsies, Slavs, the
disabled, and others to concentration
camps and extermination camps.
The Final Solution (cont.)
• On January 20, 1942, Nazi leaders met at
the Wannsee Conference to determine the
“final solution of the Jewish question.”
− They decided to round up healthy Jews
from the vast areas of Nazi-controlled
Europe and take them to detention centers
known as concentration camps.
The Holocaust, 1939–1945
The Final Solution (cont.)
− Most others, including the elderly, the
infirm, and young children, would be sent
to extermination camps.
− Some camps include Buchenwald,
Auschwitz, and Treblinka.
• In only a few years, Jewish culture, which
had existed in Europe for over 1,000 years,
had been virtually obliterated by the Nazis
in the lands they conquered.
The Holocaust, 1939–1945
Which country suffered the most
Jewish losses?
A. Belgium
B. Germany
0%
D
A
0%
A
B
C
0%
D
C
D. Poland
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
C. Hungary
Big Ideas
Government and Society After World War II began,
the United States attempted to continue its prewar
policy of neutrality.
Content Vocabulary
• hemispheric defense zone
• strategic materials
Academic Vocabulary
• revise
• purchase
• underestimate
People and Events to Identify
• America First Committee
• Lend-Lease Act
• Atlantic Charter
Should the United States have
remained neutral in World War II?
A. Yes
B. No
A. A
B. B
0%
A
0%
B
FDR Supports England
President Roosevelt favored changes
in American neutrality laws, although
Americans remained divided about the
war and American involvement.
FDR Supports England (cont.)
• Soon after the war began, Roosevelt called
Congress into a special session to revise
the neutrality laws.
− Under the Neutrality Act of 1939, warring
nations could buy weapons from the U.S.
only on a “cash-and-carry” basis.
− He used a loophole in the neutrality act to
send 50 old American destroyers to Churchill
in exchange for the right build American
bases on British-controlled Newfoundland,
Bermuda, and islands in the Caribbean.
FDR Supports England (cont.)
• A heated neutrality debate took place during
the 1940 presidential election campaign.
• There were three committees with different
viewpoints:
− The Fight for Freedom Committee
− The Committee to Defend America by Aiding
the Allies
− The America First Committee
Which stance did FDR take during the 1940
presidential election?
A. A course between neutrality
and intervention
B. An isolationist stance
0%
D
A
0%
A
B
C0%
D
C
D. He aligned himself with the
Committee to Defend America
by Aiding the Allies.
A.
B.
0%
C.
D.
B
C. An internationalist stance
Edging Toward the War
In 1940 and 1941, the United States
took more steps to provide aid to Great
Britain.
Edging Toward the War (cont.)
• By December 1940, Great Britain had run
out of funds to wage war against Germany.
− Roosevelt proposed the Lend-Lease Act,
which allowed the United States to lend or
lease arms to any country considered “vital
to the defense of the United States.”
− After Hitler invaded the Soviet Union, this act
also helped them.
Edging Toward the War (cont.)
• Because the United States was still technically
neutral, Roosevelt could not order the U.S.
Navy to protect British cargo ships.
− Instead, he developed the idea of a
hemispheric defense zone.
− He then ordered the U.S. Navy to patrol the
western Atlantic and reveal the location of
German submarines to the British.
Aiding Britain, 1939–1941
Edging Toward the War (cont.)
• In August 1941, Roosevelt and Churchill
agreed on the text of the Atlantic Charter.
− By late September, an additional 15 anti-Axis
nations had signed the charter.
• In early September 1941, a German U-boat
fired on an American destroyer.
− Another U-boat sank the Reuben James,
killing 115 sailors.
− As the end of 1941 drew near, Germany and
the U.S. continued a tense standoff.
The United States and England agreed to
which terms in the Atlantic Charter?
A. A postwar world of peace
0%
0%
D
0%
C
D. Keeping a stockpile of
weapons for the other country
0%
A
B
C
D
B
C. Defeating Germany
A.
B.
C.
D.
A
B. Always helping the other
in times of war
Japan Attacks
The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor
led the United States to declare war
on Japan.
Japan Attacks (cont.)
• As German submarines sank British ships in
the Atlantic, the British began moving
warships from Southeast Asia, leaving India
and other colonial possessions vulnerable to
the Japanese.
− FDR applied economic pressure to hinder
Japanese aggression.
Japan Attacks (cont.)
• In July 1940 Congress gave the president
the power to restrict the sale of strategic
materials to Japan.
− Furious, the Japanese signed an alliance
with Germany and Italy, becoming a
member of the Axis.
Japan Attacks (cont.)
• In 1941, Roosevelt began sending lend-lease
aid to China in hopes of enabling the Chinese
to tie down the Japanese and prevent them
from attacking elsewhere.
− This strategy failed, and Japan sent
military forces into southern Indochina.
Japan Attacks (cont.)
• Roosevelt froze all Japanese assets in the
United States, reduced the amount of oil being
shipped to Japan, and sent General Douglas
MacArthur to the Philippines to build up
American defenses.
• The Japanese then planned a series of attacks,
including in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii.
• Congress voted in favor of declaring war on
Japan.
Japan Attacks (cont.)
• On December 11, Germany and Italy both
declared war on the United States.
How much of Japan’s oil did the
United States supply at the time?
A. 20 percent
B. 50 percent
0%
D
A
0%
A
B
0%
C
D
C
D. 90 percent
A.
B.
0%
C.
D.
B
C. 80 percent
Causes of the Rise of Dictators
Italy
• Mussolini’s Fascist Party believed in the supreme
power of the state.
• In 1922 Mussolini threatened
to march on Rome; the
king appointed Mussolini
as the premier.
Causes of the Rise of Dictators (cont.)
Germany
• Hitler’s Nazi Party believed in an all-powerful state,
territorial expansion, and ethnic purity.
• Hitler believed that Germans needed more living space
and called for Germany
to expand east into
Poland and Russia.
• Germany invaded Poland
in 1939, France in 1940,
and the USSR in 1941.
Causes of the Rise of Dictators (cont.)
Japan
• Military leaders pushed for territorial expansion.
• Japan attacked Manchuria in 1931.
• Japan invaded China
in 1937.
• Japan attacked Pearl
Harbor in 1941.
Effects
Holocaust
• During the Holocaust, the
Nazis killed an estimated
6 million Jews.
• Jews were targeted and sent
to concentration or
extermination camps
throughout Europe.
Effects (cont.)
World War II
• Leaders of France and Britain
tried to appease Hitler by
allowing territorial growth.
• Britain and France declared
war on Germany following the
invasion of Poland.
• The United States sent aid to the Allied forces through
the lend-lease program and cash-and-carry provision.
Effects (cont.)
World War II
• France was defeated by the
Nazis, who occupied the
country in 1940.
• The United States declared
war on Japan in 1941, after
the bombing of Pearl Harbor.
Chapter Transparencies Menu
Why It Matters
Cause-and-Effect Transparency
Unit Time Line Transparency
Select a transparency to view.
fascism
a political system headed by a
dictator that calls for extreme
nationalism and racism and no
tolerance of opposition
collective
a farm, especially in communist
countries, formed from many small
holdings collected into a single unit
for joint operation under
governmental supervision
internationalism
a national policy of actively trading
with foreign countries to foster peace
and prosperity
exploit
use or manipulate to one’s advantage
dominate
to command or control
appeasement
accepting demands in order to avoid
conflict
blitzkrieg
name given to sudden violent
offensive attacks the Germans used
during World War II; “lightning war”
violation
the disregard for, or breaking of,
the law
regime
a form of government
concentrate
to bring or direct one’s powers,
efforts, or attention toward a common
objective
transport
to convey from one place to another
concentration camp
a camp where persons are detained
or confined
extermination camp
a camp where prisoners were sent to
be executed
prohibit
to make illegal by an authority
assume
to take as granted or true
virtually
almost entirely; nearly
hemispheric defense zone
national policy during World War II
that declared the Western
Hemisphere to be neutral and that the
United States would patrol this region
against German submarines
strategic materials
materials needed for fighting a war
revise
to make changes to an original
document
purchase
to gain by paying money or its
equivalent
underestimate
to make too low an estimate of the
quantity, degree, or worth of
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