Download Rise of Dictators

Unit 7
Hot and Cold
World War II and the Aftermath
Rise of Dictators
Hitler---Europe
Mussolini---Europe
Hirohito---Japan
Reasons for Dictators
• The depression in Europe gave rise to the
dictators in Spain, Italy and Germany.
• People lost hope in democracies and wanted
a strong leader to correct the problems.
• Strong leaders promised solutions to the
problems in their countries.
Benito Mussolini
• March 1919, he formed
the Fascist Party—the
movement proclaimed
opposition to social class
discrimination and
supported nationalist
sentiments, hoping to
raise Italy to levels of its
great Roman past
Fascism
• A political movement
that promotes
– Extreme Nationalism
– Imperialism
– Dictatorial government
– Denial of individual rights
– One party system
Fascism
Strong
Military
Blind Loyalty
To the
leader
State controlled
economy
Fascism
Use of
Violence and
Terror
Use of
Censorship
&
Propaganda
Extreme
Nationalism
The Rise of Mussolini
• Italy after World War I
– The Treaty of Versailles
gave away land that had
been promised to Italy by
Britain and France.
– Italy’s economy was slow
• Men could not find work
• Trade was slow
• Taxes were high (pay for
the war)
• Workers went on strike
The Rise of Mussolini
• Benito Mussolini
– Mussolini took
advantage of the unrest
in Italy by
• Gathering a following of
war veterans and those
unhappy with the
conditions in Italy.
– Mussolini called his
party the Fascist and
promised to fix the
problems of Italy.
The Rise of Mussolini
• Mussolini promised
–
–
–
–
To end unemployment
Gain more land for Italy
Outlaw communism
Stop workers from
striking
– Strengthen Italy’s
military
The Rise of Mussolini
• By 1922 the Fascist and
Mussolini were in
power.
– They used violence and
terror to win elections.
• Once in power Mussolini ended
– Free elections
– Free speech
– Free Press
The Rise of Mussolini
• Many enemies of the
state were killed.
• The goals of the state
were put above the
rights of the individual.
Adolf Hitler
August 1934, Hitler become
head of state as well as head
of government, and was
formally named as leader
and chancellor. As head of
state, Hitler became supreme
commander of the armed
forces
The Rise of Hitler
• Germany after World War I
– The Kaiser stepped down
– A democratic government
called the Weimar
Republic took over.
– The Weimar Rep. was
weak
– Inflation caused a major
economic problem.
– People were poor.
The Rise of Hitler
• Germany needed a
leader who could fix
the economic problems
and restore pride in
Germany.
• Adolf Hitler and the
Nazi party promised to
fix Germany.
The Rise of Hitler
• In 1920 Hitler becomes
head of the German
Workers Party (GWP)
• The GWP later becomes
the National Socialist
German Workers (Nazi)
• In 1933 Hitler was named
Chancellor of Germany.
• By 1934 Hitler was dictator
of Germany
The Rise of Hitler
World War I
Germany has
to pay large war
debt.
Germany loses
her colonies.
Weak Government Economic Problems
Kaiser steps down
Inflation
Jobs
Weimar Rep.
fails to end inflation
Depression
A new German
super race
Unemployment
Germany is
bitter over blame
for World War I.
Reduced military.
Nazi’s Promise
Weimar Rep.
signs the Treaty of
Versailles which
angers
many Germans
Rebuild the military
Get back lost land
Make Germany proud
The Rise of Hitler
• Hitler
– Creates a new Germany
called the Third Reich.
The Rise of Hitler
• Hitler
– Turns Germany into a
totalitarian state.
– Creates a one party system
(Nazi Party)
– Ends civil rights
– Murders many of his
political enemies.
– Uses force and terror to
enforce his rule.
– Uses propaganda, art and
education to promote him
and the Nazi party.
The Rise of Hitler
• Hitler
– Puts businesses under
government control.
– Starts public works
programs which
employs many people.
– Rebuilds the military.
– Raises the standard of
living.
The Rise of Hitler
• Hitler instituted programs against Jews to
restrict their lives in an attempt to drive them
from Germany.
• Many did not care about Hitler’s policies
many were just happy being employed and
having a renewed sense of military and
nationalistic pride.
Hitler and Mussolini
• Positives:
– Both Hitler and
Mussolini improved the
economic conditions of
their nations.
– Both restored order to
their countries.
– Both brought back
nationalistic pride.
• Negatives:
– Many lost individual
rights.
– Many were driven out
of the countries or
murdered.
The Rise of Japanese Militarism
• The Japanese began a
program of militarism
in the 1930’s
– Japan wanted to restore
its greatness
– Get rid of western
influence
– Gain foreign lands
The Rise of Japanese Militarism
• In 1931 Japan attacks
Manchuria.
• Japan withdraws from
the League of Nations.
• An increase in loyalty
to the emperor.
• Japan attempts to
imperialize China.
Dictators Expand Territory
• 1931 – Japan attacks
Manchuria in northern
China
• Japan wanted more
natural resources for its
growing population
(Manchuria is rich in
natural resources)
Italy invades Ethiopia
• 1935 – Italy invaded
Ethiopia in Africa
• Mussolini wanted new
areas to expand his
empire in Africa
Germany Begins Conquests
• 1936 – Hitler moves
troops into the Rhineland
(German region near the
French border)
• WWI treaty said no
German troops here
• French Gov’t and League
of Nations – TAKE NO
ACTION
German-Italian Alliance
• Germany and Italy formed
the Axis Powers
• Now – two dictators with
stated goals of expansion
are good friends
• Axis Powers help Spain’s
Fascist military overthrow
its elected government
(Spanish Civil War)
Mussolini and Hitler
Hitler begins his own Conquests
• 1938 – Hitler and the
Germans invade Austria
(most Austrians spoke
German and welcomed
becoming a part of
Germany)
• But…Hitler and the
Germans were expanding –
and the WWI treaty told
them not to…
The Sudetenland
• After taking Austria –
Hitler wanted more
• His next desire is the
Sudetenland in
Czechoslovakia
• The Czechs didn’t
want to give this area
to Germany – nor did
France and Russia
Germany’s Expansion
“Appeasement” at Munich
• The British step in to
offer a peace and avoid
war
• British Prime Minister
Neville Chamberlain
meets with Hitler in
Munich, Germany
– They agree to give Hitler
the Sudetenland
– Hitler has to promise he
is done seeking territory
•
Reactions
to
Munich
Neville Chamberlain,
• Winston Churchill, the
the British Prime
Minister who came up
with the agreement, said
that he had achieved
“peace in our time”
future Prime Minister,
said: “Britain and
France had to choose
between war and shame.
They chose shame.
They will get war, too.”
Hitler breaks his promise: Germany
Starts the War
• After being given Sudetenland – Hitler takes the
rest of Czechoslovakia
• Hitler signed a Non-Aggression Pact with Stalin
and the Soviet Union (they agree to not make war
on each other) – now France and Britain have lost
an ally in Stalin
• Immediately after – Germany invaded Poland
(France & Britain declare war on Germany) WWII
officially begins
PEARL HARBOR
THE DAY OF INFAMY
December 7, 1941
Causes…
• The U.S. demanded that Japan withdraw
from China and Indochina
• Japan thought that attacking the U.S. would
provide them an easy win, and a territory
with abundant land and resources to rule
once they were victorious.
• The U.S. oil embargo against Japan was
hurting Japan’s economy
Major Combatants
Japan
- Fleet of 6 Aircraft Carriers under the
command of Admiral Nagumo and Admiral
Yamamoto
- Aerial Assault Force under the command of
Mitsuo Fuchida
United States
- Pearl Harbor Naval/Army Base under the
command of Admiral Husband E. Kimmel
and Lt. General Walter C. Short
Battle Sequence
• 5 PHASE ATTACK BY JAPANESE…
(as noted by the U.S. Navy)
• PHASE 1: Combined torpedo plane and dive bomber
attacks lasting from 7:55 a.m. to 8:25 a.m.
• PHASE 2: Lull in attacks lasting from 8:25 - 8:40
a.m.
• PHASE 3: Horizontal bomber attacks from 8:40 –
9:15 a.m.
• PHASE 4: Dive bomber attacks between 9:15-9:45
a.m.
• PHASE 5: Warning of attacks and completion of raid
after 9:45 a.m.
Warfare (continued)
•
-
United States
108 Fighter Planes (59 not available for flight)
35 Army Bombers (27 not available for flight)
993 Army/Navy Antiaircraft Guns
Casualties
Japan
- Less then 100 men
- 29 planes
- 5 midget submarines
United States
- 2,335 servicemen killed, 68 civilians killed, 1,178
wounded
- 188 planes
- 18 ships (8 battleships, 3 light cruisers, 3 destroyers,
4 other vessels)
Effects/Outcome
• Japan dealt a seemingly crippling blow to the
U.S. Pacific fleet (U.S. Pacific Fleet aircraft
carriers: Lexington, Enterprise, & Saratoga
were not in port)
• Japan began their quest for a Pacific empire
• The U.S. finally was forced to join World War
II (“The Sleeping Giant was awakened”)
• The U.S. & Great Britain declare war on
Japan (Dec. 8, 1941)
• Germany & Italy declare war on the U.S. (Dec.
11, 1941)
December 8, 1941 FDR Speech
“Yesterday, Dec. 7, 1941 - A date which will
live in infamy – the United States of
America was suddenly and deliberately
attacked by naval and air forces of the
Empire of Japan.”
FDR Infamy Speech
D Day
• June 6, 1944
• 156, 000 American, British and Canadian
troops land on the beach of France’s
Normandy region
• the largest amphibious military assaults in
history
Victory in Europe
• May 8, 1945
• World War II Allies officially accept the
unconditional surrender of Hitler and Nazi
Germany.
• Hitler had committed suicide on 30 April
1945 in his Führerbunker in Berlin so his
successor, President of Germany Karl
Dönitz signed the surrender.
Iwo Jima
• The Battle of Iwo Jima (19 February – 26
March 1945), or Operation Detachment,
was a major battle in which the United
States Armed Forces fought for and
captured the island of Iwo Jima from the
Japanese Empire.
Iwo Jima
• The battle was immortalized by Joe
Rosenthal's photograph of the raising of the
U.S. flag on top of the 166 m (545 ft)
Mount Suribachi by five U.S. Marines and
one U.S. Navy battlefield Hospital
Corpsman.
The Manhattan Project
• Los Alamos Laboratory, known as Project
Y, was conceived during the early part of
World War II. The United States wanted to
build an atomic explosive to counter the
threat posed by the German nuclear
development program. The term Manhattan
Project came about because the program
began under the Manhattan Engineering
District of the War Department.
• Physicists, chemists, metallurgists,
explosive experts and military personnel
converged on the isolated plateau. At times,
six Nobel Prize winners gathered with the
other scientists and engineers in the weekly
colloquia put on by Robert Oppenheimer.
Meanwhile, the Army was charged with
supporting the work, building buildings,
keeping the commissary supplied, and
guarding the top-secret work.
• The scientists and engineers labored on for
two years. They carried out experiments in
metallurgy and high explosives. Finally, on
July 16, 1945, at 5:30 a.m., an incredible
burst of light exploded over the desert in
south central New Mexico. Trinity, as the
test shot was known, answered many of the
questions the scientists had been asking.
The bomb’s yield, equivalent of 18,000 tons
of TNT, astounded even the scientists who
had spent years making painstaking
calculations
Truman Makes a Decision
• Atomic bombs were dropped on Hiroshima
on Aug. 6 and on Nagasaki on Aug. 9. Five
days later, the Emperor of Japan agreed to
an unconditional surrender. World War II
formally ended on Sept. 2, 1945, when
treaties were signed aboard the USS
Missouri. The Manhattan Project, a mission
to end the war through the use of atomic
weapons, had accomplished its goal.
The Atomic Bombing of Hiroshima
• At 2:45 a.m. on
Monday, August 6,
1945, a B-29 bomber,
the Enola Gay, took
off from Tinian, a
North Pacific island in
the Marianas, 1,500
miles south of Japan
Hiroshima
• On a hook in the ceiling of the plane, hung
the ten-foot atomic bomb, "Little Boy.".
Approximately fifteen minutes into the
flight (3:00 a.m.), Parsons began to arm the
atomic bomb; it took him fifteen minutes.
Parsons thought while arming "Little Boy":
"I knew the Japs were in for it, but I felt no
particular emotion about it."
Hiroshima
• On August 6, 1945, the first
choice target, Hiroshima,
was having clear weather.
At 8:15 a.m. (local time),
the Enola Gay's door sprang
open and dropped "Little
Boy." Approximately
70,000 died immediately
from the explosion and
another 70,000 died from
radiation within five years.
The Atomic Bombing of Nagasaki
• While the people of Japan tried to comprehend the
devastation in Hiroshima, the United States was
preparing a second bombing mission. The second
run was not delayed in order to give Japan time to
surrender, but was waiting only for a sufficient
amount of plutonium-239 for the atomic bomb.
On August 9, 1945 only three days after the
bombing of Hiroshima, another B-29, Bock's Car
left Tinian at 3:49 a.m.
Nagasaki
• At 11:02 a.m., the
atomic bomb, "Fat
Man," was dropped
over Nagasaki. The
atomic bomb exploded
1,650 feet above the
city.
Nagasaki
• Approximately 40 percent
of Nagasaki was destroyed..
With a population of
270,000, approximately
70,000 people died by the
end of the year.
VJ Day
• Victory over Japan Day is a name chosen for the day
on which Japan surrendered, in effect ending World
War II, and subsequent anniversaries of that event. The
term has been applied to both of the days on which the
initial announcement of Japan’s surrender was made—
to the afternoon of August 15, 1945, in Japan, and,
because of time zone differences, to August 14,
1945—as well as to September 2, 1945, when the
signing of the surrender document occurred, officially
ending World War II.
The Holocaust
•Holocaust
(hol·o·caust): n 1. Great destruction resulting in the extensive loss
of life, especially by fire
2. Greek word that means burnt whole or
consumed by fire
• Let us learn that this may never happen again!
Daniel’s Story
What was the Holocaust?
Holocaust Victims
– 6 million Jews
• 1.5 million children under 12
– “Other Undesirables”
• 5 million
11 MILLION KILLED
In the beginning….
• The Nuremberg Laws
– At the annual party rally held in Nuremberg in
1935, the Nazis announced new laws which
institutionalized many of the racial theories
prevalent in Nazi ideology. The laws excluded
German Jews from Reich citizenship and
prohibited them from marrying with persons of
"German or related blood."
The Nuremberg Laws
• The Nuremberg Laws, as they became
known, did not define a "Jew" as someone
with particular religious beliefs. Instead,
anyone who had three or four Jewish
grandparents was defined as a Jew, regardless
of whether that individual identified himself
or herself as a Jew or belonged to the Jewish
religious community
And then….
• In 1937 and 1938, the government set out to
impoverish Jews by requiring them to register
their property and then by "Aryanizing"
Jewish businesses.
The Final Solution
The Nazis established ghettos in occupied Poland. Polish and
western European Jews were deported to these ghettos.
During the German invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941,
mobile killing squads (Einsatzgruppen) began killing entire
Jewish communities. The methods used, mainly shooting or
gas vans, were soon regarded as inefficient and as a
psychological burden on the killers
Being forced from their home
Badges of Hate
The Final Solution
• In January 1942, the Nazis began the systematic
deportation of Jews from all over Europe to six
extermination camps established in former Polish territory - Chelmno , Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka, AuschwitzBirkenau, and Majdanek. Extermination camps were killing
centers designed to carry out genocide. About three million
Jews were gassed in extermination camps.
The Final Solution
• In its entirety, the "Final Solution" consisted
of gassings, shootings, random acts of terror,
disease, and starvation that accounted for the
deaths of about six million Jews -- two-thirds
of the total population of Jews living in
Europe,
Live to Tell
Survivors tell their story
Survivors tell their story
Josef Alexander of Los
Angeles, California
Alice Herz-Sommer of London
England
The U. S. Homefront
• After the December 7,
1941, life across the
country was
dramatically altered.
Food, gas and clothing
were rationed.
Communities
conducted scrap metal
drives.
• From the outset of the war, it was clear that
enormous quantities of airplanes, tanks, warships,
rifles and other armaments would be essential to
beating America’s aggressors. U.S. workers played a
vital role in the production of such war-related
materials. Many of these workers were women.
Indeed, with tens of thousands of American men
joining the armed forces and heading into training
and into battle, women began securing jobs as
welders, electricians and riveters in defense plants.
Until that time, such positions had been strictly for
men only.
The U. S. Homefront
• To help build the armaments necessary to win the war,
women found employment as electricians, welders and
riveters in defense plants. Japanese Americans had their
rights as citizens stripped from them. People in the U.S.
grew increasingly dependent on radio reports for news of
the fighting overseas. And, while popular entertainment
served to demonize the nation’s enemies, it also was viewed
as an escapist outlet that allowed Americans brief respites
from war worries.
• A woman who toiled in the
defense industry came to
be known as a “Rosie the
Riveter.”.. One of the
women employed at the
factory, Rose Will Monroe
(1920-97), was a riveter
involved in the
construction of B-24 and
B-29 bombers.
Rationing
• What was a rationing
coupon?
• Who had to use
rationing coupons?
What was rationed?
• All these things were
• During the Second
rationed, which meant you
World War, you
were only allowed to buy a
couldn't just walk
small amount. The
into a shop and buy
government introduced
as much sugar or
rationing because certain
butter or meat as you
things were in short supply
wanted, nor could
during the war, and
you fill up your car
rationing was the only way
with gasoline
to make sure everyone got
whenever you liked.
their fair share.
• War ration
books and
tokens were
issued to each
American
family, dictating
how much
gasoline, tires,
sugar, meat,
silk, shoes,
nylon and other
items any one
person could
Tires
Cars
Bicycles
Gasoline
Fuel Oil & Kerosene
Solid Fuels
Stoves
January 1942 to December 1945
February 1942 to October 1945
July 1942 to September 1945
May 1942 to August 1945
October 1942 to August 1945
September 1943 to August 1945
December 1942 to August 1945
Rubber Footwear
Shoes
October 1942 to September 1945
February 1943 to October 1945
Sugar
Coffee
Processed Foods
Meats, canned fish
Cheese, canned milk,
fats
May 1942 to 1947
November 1942 to July 1943
March 1943 to August 1945
March 1943 to November 1945
March 1943 to November 1945
Typewriters
March 1942 to April 1944
Japanese Relocation Camps
• In 1942 President Roosevelt signed a bill
ordering Japanese Americans to go to
internment camps. About 110,000 Japanese
Americans were placed in internment camps
which were very much like a prison. They
were guarded by a guard with a weapon and
encased in barbed wire.
Internment Camps
Internment Camps
Tuskegee Airmen
• "Tuskegee Airmen" refers
to the men and women,
African-Americans and
Caucasians, who were
involved in the so-called
"Tuskegee Experience",
the Army Air Corps
program to train African
Americans to fly and
maintain combat aircraft.
• The Tuskegee Airmen
included pilots,
navigators,
bombardiers,
maintenance and
support staff,
instructors, and all the
personnel who kept
the planes in the air.
Women and World War II
• Women’s Army Corp
WAC
• Women’s Air Service Pilot
WASP
• Women’s Naval Corp
Women Accepted for Voluntary
Emergency Service
WAVES
The United Nations
• The United Nations (UN) is an intergovernmental
organization established on 24 October 1945 to
promote international co-operation. A replacement
for the ineffective League of Nations, the
organization was created following the Second
World War to prevent another such conflict. At its
founding, the UN had 51 member states; there are
now 193..
The United Nations
• Establishment of a
world wide rule of
reason…the United
Nations.