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Total War in Europe WWII – Chapter 35 Blitzkreig: Germany Conquers Europe The Fall of Poland Nazi forces took over Poland in one month, unannounced (September 1, 1939) – September 3, 1939 - Britain and France declared war on Germany Soviets took east sections of Poland in accordance with Nazi-Soviet Pact Germans stunned the world with their blitzkrieg victory – blitzkrieg – lightning war large number of tanks break through and rapidly encircle the enemy and aircraft supported them with bombs and paratroopers The Fall of France Nazis conquered Denmark, Norway, Belgium, Netherlands, and France – Britain and France waited in France for Germany to attack – Hitler moved toward France but wanted to go around the Maginot Line a line of concrete bunkers and fortifications built after WWI along the French-German border – Thinking Hitler would invade through Belgium, the French and British raced to protect this border The Fall of France (cont.) – Hitler invaded instead through the Ardennes Mountains of Luxembourg – Germans easily invaded France and raced toward the English Channel trapping the British and French in Belgium Miracle at Dunkirk French signed an armistice in June 1940 – Italy entered the war on Nazis’ side (saw that Germany was winning) Invasion of France The Battle of Britain Winston Churchill – the Prime Minister of Britain – Surrender to Germany was not an option Germany was not equipped to invade by sea so they had to defeat the British Royal Air Force The Battle of Britain (cont.) Battle of Britain – began in June 1940 – German air force (Luftwaffe) attacked British shipping boats and the British Royal Air Force – August 23, 1940, German bombers accidentally bombed London the British then bombed Berlin the next night – Hitler ordered the Luftwaffe to focus on London – London citizens hid from German bombs in the city’s subway tunnels – The British advantage radar (British could detect incoming German aircraft and direct British fighters to intercept them) – October 12, 1940 – Hitler cancelled the invasion of Britain "The Blitz" killed 40,000 British civilians Hitler's conquests extended to Balkans and North Africa by summer of 1941 The Decisive Entry of the Soviet Union and the United States Germany was in control of most of Europe by spring 1941 looked to the Soviet Union as a way to create more Lebensraum “living space” – believed Soviet Union would be easily defeated Russians dig anti-tank defenses as Germans approach Moscow Operation Barbarossa began on June 22, 1941 By December, gained huge territories and captured millions of Soviet soldiers – – Red Army weak because of a lack of strong leaders (Stalin’s purges) Leningrad (St. Petersburg) came under siege Soviets then gained two new allies--U.S. and "General Winter" – – – Germans, so sure of swift victory, had not supplied troops with winter clothing and boots Stalin had moved industry away from the front (supplies uninterrupted) Battle of Stalingrad (February 1943) marked first large-scale victory for Soviets Turning point in European war The Russians trapped the German Sixth Army at Stalingrad German troops are defeated at Stalingrad The US enters the War December 1941 – US pulled into the war by Japan – – Germany declared war because they saw Japan as a strong ally US built “Liberty Ships” (riveted not welded) faster that the German U Boats could sink them Allied Victory in Europe Striking at the Soft Underbelly (the Invasion of Sicily) – July 10, 1943 General Dwight D. Eisenhower was placed in overall command of the invasion General George Patton was put in charge of troops on the ground Troops made it ashore with few casualties – – used DUKW (an amphibious truck) to bring supplies to soldiers on the beach By August 18, 1943, the Allies had taken Sicily July 25, 1943 – Mussolini was placed under arrest September 8, 1943 – the Italian government surrendered to the Allies Germany was not willing to give up Italy – it took 5 months for Allies to break through German lines in Italy Planning Operation Overlord the planned invasion of France to convince the Germans they were landing in Pas-de-Calais, the Allies placed decoys there – Allies would actually invade at Normandy Eisenhower referred to the day of the invasion as D-Day Allied invasion plans and german positions in the Normandy. 1944 D-Day Landing June 6 D-Day – June 6, 1944 fighter-bombers and paratroopers hit the beaches at Normandy first Allied troops landed at 5 beaches – Omaha Beach German defenses were strong General Omar Bradley commanded US forces 2,500 Allied casualties Paris was liberated on August 25, 1944 Liberation of Paris The Third Reich Collapses The Battle of the Bulge – December 16, 1944 – Germans try one last time to defeat the Allies – Allies were surrounded Eisenhower sent General Patton to help General Patton arrived and broke through German lines Germany suffered heavy losses This left Germany open for invasion The Battle of the Bulge The Malmedy massacre (at the Battle of the Bulge) The Third Reich Collapses V-E Day: The War Ends in Europe – While British and American forces fought to liberate France, the Soviet Union launched a massive attack to drive German troops from Russia – Soviets attacked Germany from the east as the Americans attacked from the west – German defenses crumbled Adolf Hitler knew the end was near – By February 1945, Soviet troops had driven the Germans across Poland to within 35 miles of Berlin April 30, 1945 – Hitler shot himself May 7, 1945 – Germany surrendered unconditionally May 8, 1945 was named V-E Day (“Victory in Europe”) 1945 Soviets reach Berlin 1945 April Mussolini is hung by the Italians, Hitler commits suicide in his bunker On April 29, 1945, the bodies of Mussolini and his mistress were taken to the Piazzale Loreto (in Milan) and hung upside down on meathooks from the roof of a gas station, then stoned by civilians from below. This was done both to discourage any fascists from continuing the fight and as an act of revenge for the hanging of many partisans in the same place by Axis authorities. The corpse of the deposed leader became subject to ridicule and abuse Stars and Stripes, the official US Army magazine. Churchill waves to crowds in Whitehall on the day he broadcast to the nation that the war with Germany had been won