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Section 3 (A)
Victory in Europe
• Do Now page 821 thinking critically
question
In 1943, Allied leaders agreed to open
a second front in the war in Europe.
American and British
troops would cross the
English Channel and
invade France.
• The secret operation was codenamed Operation Overlord.
• General Dwight D. Eisenhower
was the mission’s commander.
The planning phase
• Preparations for a ‘second front’ against Nazi
Germany date back to 1942.
• The Allies knew they would have to capture a port to
ensure the success of the invasion of France.
• A ‘dress-rehearsal’ took place in 1942 when a BritishCanadian raid on the port of Dieppe was carried out.
• The aim was to capture and hold a French port for a
short period to test German defences.
• The raid was a total disaster: of the 6,086 men who
made it ashore, 4,384 were killed.
Roosevelt knew the risks of the invasion. He
resisted Stalin’s pressure for an early launch of the
second front. This delay was the cause of much
bitter feeling between the Russians and Americans.
American locomotives sent to England being
unloaded from a Liberty Ship.
Air raids in preparation for D
Day
• The British and Americans began bombing
targets in occupied France in preparation for
D Day.
• The French railway system came under
continuous attack.
• Raids were concentrated in the Calais region
to mislead the Germans in to believing that
was the intending invasion area.
• The Normandy region was bombed, but less
heavily.
Operation Fortitude
• The Allies began a massive deception of
operation to conceal the intended landing
zone.
• A massive build-up of fake armies and
equipment was concentrated in Kent to fool
the Germans in to thinking Calais was the
intended target.
• Canvas and rubber tanks were assembled to
confuse any German aerial reconnaissance
aircraft. (In fact there were no German spy
planes over England in 1944)
Fortitude – an inflatable
rubber tank
Fortitude – canvas aircraft
What do such operations reveal about Allied planning for D day ?
Fortitude- fake radio signals
•
Enormous amounts
of ‘fake’ wireless
messages were
transmitted relating
to possible invasion
plans in the Calais
region in the hope
the Germans would
believe them.
Hitler expected the
invasion here in the Pas de
Calais
Normandy
The French resistance
(Maquis) assisted the
preparations for D Day by
disrupting French
railways and causing
other acts of sabotage to
the telegraph and
telephone system.
Such acts brought terrible
retribution on the local
populations.
June 1944
• The timing was now favourable for an
invasion
• The U boats had been defeated
• The German air force was largely grounded
for lack of fuel.
Hitler’s Festung Europa (fortress Europe)
The Atlantic Wall
• Despite all Allied efforts, the Germans
obviously expected an Allied invasion
somewhere in France.
• Hitler appointed two of his best
Generals, Gerd Von Rundstedt and
Erwin Rommel to take charge of
strengthening the French coast line
from attack.
From Norway to the
South of France the
Germans built up a
defensive line against
the expected
invasion.
Tens of thousands of
Russian POWs were
put to work to
construct elaborate
defences.
The line was by no
means complete or
evenly spread by the
time of D Day.
Despite gaps in the line, the defences were formidable in
some places.
Futuristic looking
German
blockhouse on the
island of Jersey.
Rommel inspects anti-tank defences on a French
beach.
Admiral Ramsay
General Eisenhower
General Montgomery
Leigh-Mallory
‘Operation Overlord’ planning meeting.
Supreme Allied Commander General Dwight Eisenhower gives a pep
talk to American paratroopers the evening before D Day.
•
Southampton docks
Landing Craft
Churchill visits Southampton
The capture of
Cherbourg was a key
objective. It was not
captured until the end
of June and was badly
damaged.
The Allies could not
risk launching the
invasion without a
useable port.
They constructed an
artificial harbour
which could be towed
across the channel.
Sections of a Mulberry Harbour today in Normandy.
Towed to France in sections the Mulberry Harbours
allowed the Allies to unload supplies until Cherbourg
was captured.
American troops on Omaha Beach, scene of the
heaviest fighting and over 5,000 US deaths on D Day.
French civilians
ponder their
liberation from
Nazi
occupation as
they survey the
ruins of their
homes.
Caen was a D-Day objective, but took more than two months
to capture, by which time the town lay in ruins.
The Mayor of Southampton honours the millionth American soldier
to embark for France. D Day + 1 month.
French civilians place flowers at a
US cemetery in Normandy.
The D-Day invasion was successful and turned the
course of WWII and world history. By landing in
Normandy, the Allies made an opening where they
could strike at the heart of Nazi Germany.
TURN TO PAGE 822 answer questions 2/3
In December
1944, Hitler
launched a
counterattack,
creating a bulge
in the American
lines.
The Americans
pushed back,
forcing a German
retreat during
the Battle of
the Bulge.
The Race to Berlin:
By April of 1945, American and Soviet troops were
closing in on Berlin.
• Soviets coming in from East
• British and American troops moving in from West
• WW2 European Theater Map
DO NOW: Separate Sheet to
hand in, both sides
The Allies seized the momentum.
The Americans
and British
advanced from
the west,
liberating Paris
in August 1944.
The Soviets
advanced from
the east,
liberating Latvia,
Romania,
Slovakia, and
Hungary.
• Between April and May of 1945
5000 people committed suicide in
Berlin (Why do you think this was?)
• On April 30, 1945 Adolf Hitler added
himself to that list
• The Last Film Pictures of Hitler Clip
• How old do you
think the youngest
boy was?
• What does this
tell us about the
German army in
March 22, 1945?
•They claim these boys “volunteered”, what do you
think would happen if you were a young man who
refused to defend the “fatherland”
• Draft age drops from 18 to 16 to 13
A young machine-gunner totes an
MG-42 at Caen in northern France
shortly after D-Day.
Young replacements huddle in a
foxhole on the Russian Front in
early 1942--now out of the Hitler
Youth and in the German Army-and soon to face the ferocious Red
Army.
HJ-Schnellkommandos
(Emergency Squads)
help put out fires after
an Allied air raid on
Düsseldorf.
V-E Day (Victory in
Europe).
Adolf Hitler
committed suicide
on April 30, and
Germany officially
surrendered on May
7, 1945.
The endless procession of
German prisoners
marching through the
ruined city streets to
captivity.
Red army soldiers raising the Soviet flag on the roof of the
Reichstag (German Parliament) in Berlin, Germany.
· On May 8, the
Allies
celebrated V-E
Day (Victory
in Europe).
Churchill
waves to
crowds in
Britain after
broadcasting to
the nation that
the war with
Germany had
been won, 8
May 1945.
V-E Day Celebrations in New York City, May 8, 1945.
V-E Day celebrations, Bay Street, Toronto, Canada
May 7, 1945
VE-Day Parade, Red Square, Moscow, Russia on 6/24/1945
Band of Brothers Episode 9 “Why We
Fight” Start 35 minutes in (then section 4)
Chapter 24 Section 3 (B)
Victory in Pacific
FDR did not live to join the celebrations. He died a few
weeks earlier.
The new President was Harry S. Truman.
Harry S Truman taking
the oath of office after
the death of Franklin
D. Roosevelt, April 12,
1945. The following
day, Truman spoke to
reporters and said, "...I
don't know whether
you fellows ever had a
load of hay fall on you,
but when they told me
yesterday what had
happened, I felt like the
moon, the stars, and all
the planets had fallen
on me."
War still raged in the Pacific, where
the Allies were fighting their way
toward Japan.
• Battles during the island-hopping campaign
were fierce, with high casualties on both sides.
• Kamikazes crashed into American ships.
Japanese troops fought to the death.
• An intense bombing campaign leveled much of
Tokyo. Still, Japan refused to surrender.
Island Hopping in the Pacific
• The two main goals of the
U.S. in the Pacific were:
I. to regain the Philippines.
II. to invade Japan.
• The U.S. began a policy of
island hopping, using islands
as stepping-stones towards
Japan.
Mount Suribachi
The fighting on Iwo Jima (20,000 Japanese KIA) and Okinawa
(estimates 270,000 KIA half civilians) displayed continued
Japanese resistance. The two battles proved that the Japanese
Create
2 lists
supporting
would not surrender and the atomic bomb
must
beone
used.
this statement and one
refuting it
· By February of 1945, the U.S. had recaptured the Philippines
and captured the islands of Iwo Jima and Okinawa.
Raising the
Flag on Iwo
Jima depicts
five United
States
Marines and
a U.S. Navy
corpsman
raising the
flag of the
United States
atop Mount
Suribachi
during the
Battle of Iwo
Jima.
1st flag on Iwo
Jima
The photograph became the only photograph to win the
Pulitzer Prize in the same year as its publication, and
ultimately came to be regarded as one of the most significant
and recognizable images of the war, and possibly the most
reproduced photograph of all time.
· The Japanese continued to fight, oftentimes using kamikaze
attacks against U.S. ships towards the end of the war. VIDEO
.Yoshinori Yamaguchi's plane explodes in a ball of fire.
USS Essex, November 25, 1944
Damage to Essex flight deck.
Burial at sea after
the Kamikaze
attack. Sixteen
men lost their lives
as a result of this
action.
Defeat of Japan
· The U.S. planned to invade Japan in 1945, though experts
warned that the invasion could cost over a million casualties.
Stalin, Truman and Churchill at the
Potsdam Conference.
· Upon learning
about the atomic
bomb, Pres.
Truman sent the
Japanese the
Potsdam
Declaration,
warning them to
surrender or face
“prompt and utter
destruction.”
· Unaware of the atomic bombs, the Japanese ignored the
Potsdam Declaration.
The first atomic bomb ever made (codename the little boy)
was a uranium-enriched bomb. It was dropped on the city of
Hiroshima, Japan, on August 6, 1945.
“Trinity” Video July 16, 1945
Paul Tibbets, pilot of the Enola Gay, which dropped the first
atomic bomb on Hiroshima, Japan, on August 6, 1945.
· On August 6, 1945, the U.S. dropped an atomic bomb on
Hiroshima, Japan, killing at least 70,000 people and
destroying most of the city.
A Uranium bomb, the first nuclear weapon in the world, was
dropped in Hiroshima City. It was estimated that its energy was
equivalent to 15 kilotons of TNT. Aerial photograph from 80
kilometers away, taken about 1 hour after the dropping.
Hiroshima Before The
Atomic Bomb
Hiroshima After
The Atomic Bomb
The aftermath of the atomic bombing of Hiroshima.
Kimono pattern.
Burned areas on the
back and on the
dorsal portion of the
upper arm show that
thermal rays
penetrated the black
or the dark colored
parts of kimono she
wore.
Ohmura Navy Hospital:
A
14 year old girl after the
bombing of Hiroshima at
Ohmura Navy Hospital on
August 10-11.
· On August 9, the U.S. dropped another atomic bomb on the
city of Nagasaki, killing at least 40,000 people.
Fat man on transport car
Mushroom cloud from the nuclear
explosion over Nagasaki rising 60,000
feet into the air
Before and after photos of downtown Nagasaki.
Number of Atomic Bomb Casualties: Hiroshima and Nagasaki
In 10,000’s
Deaths
Injuries
Countries with nuclear weapons are:
– USA
– Russia
– UK
– France
– China
– Pakistan
– India
Countries suspected of having nuclear weapons:
–Iran
–North Korea
–Israel
· On August 14,1945
Japan officially
surrendered ending
World War II. This date
became known as V-J
Day (Victory over
Japan).
For millions of
Americans, Alfred
Eisenstaedt's 1945
LIFE photograph of a
sailor stamping a
masterly kiss on a
nurse symbolized the
cathartic joy of V-J
Day.
Crowds outside the White House celebrate V-J Day, the
Japanese surrender and the end of World War II. August 1945