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Chapter 34
Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Shadow
of War
Vocab
• London Conference
• Tydings-McDuffie Act
• Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act
• Tripartite Pact
• Johnson Debt Default Act
• Spanish-Civil War
• Quarantine Speech
• Russo-German nonaggression pact
• Cash-and-Carry
• Neutrality Act of 1939
Essential Questions
• Why was Franklin D. Roosevelt a very
influential person during this time?
• What was a main thing that Franklin D.
Roosevelt wanted to change when he
became President?
• What caused WW2 to start in the
European Countries?
London Conference
• The London conference was originally set up in 1933,
the goal for this conference was to try and create an
international fix to the Great Depression.
– Aimed to unilaterally attack the issues with the Great Depression
• Stabilize currency rates of exchange, reduce tarriffs
– The United states did not send a representative despite initially
agreeing to do so
• FDR didn’t want to be tied to an international agreement with his
experiments with inflation and “gold-juggling”
– As a result nothing was accomplished.
– Could this have been the cure all?
London Conference
• The isolationist attitude conveyed as a
result of the London Conference led to
nationalism and a “we’re in it alone”
attitude.
• This definitely benefited mad men who
knew the rest of the world didn’t want a
fight.
– Isolation would have a terrible price to pay in
the years to come
Freedom for Filipinos
• The United States never really liked having the islands of
the Philippines and all they did was cause them
problems so in 1934 the Tydings-McDuffie Act was
passed which said the Philippines would become
independent in 12 years. (July 4, 1946) rather than
having dominion status, like the Filipinos had requested
• In 1934 Franklin D. Roosevelt recognized the Soviet
Union in a hope of possibly trading with them, but this
angered the Americans because the Soviet Union was a
communist nation.
– Good or bad move?
Becoming a Good Neighbor
• When Franklin D. Roosevelt became president
in his inaugural address that he wanted the
United States to become better “Neighbors” with
the Latin American countries.
• He took the U.S. military out of the Latin
American countries. The Mexicans tried to to
test this good neighbor policy that FDR put into
place by taking American oil properties
• FDR did not over react and did not use military
force proving he was serious about this policy.
(Settled the dispute in 1941)
Nonintervention
• At the Montevideo Conference of
American Nations in December of 1933,
the U.S. renounced the right of
intervention in the internal affairs of L.A.
nations.
• 1936 in the Buenos Aires Convention, the
US further agreed to submit all American
disputes to arbitration
–All marines were removed from Haiti,
Nicaragua, and the Dominican Republic
Secretary Hull’s Reciprocal Trade
Agreement
• This law, the idea of Cordell Hull, was
passed in 1934.
• It allowed the president to negotiate
agreements which could vary from the
rates of the Hawley Smoot Tariff up to
50%.
• By 1936, lower rates had been negotiated
with 13 nations, and by 1941 almost 2/3 of
all American foreign trade was covered by
agreements.
Storm cellar Isolation
• After WW1 and all the countries realized
the depression that was created some of
their leaders turned to totalitarian regimes
which basically means a dictatorship.
• Germany, Italy, and the USSR are some of
the countries that went to this.
– Rome-Berlin Axis 1936
– Tripartite Pact- Germany and Italy’s leaders
connected together with Japan
Storm Cellar Isolationism (Cont)
• This group of three nations started to
“prepare for war” by attacking small countries
that could not defend themselves.
• Even thought the U.S. knew this was wrong they
did not want to get pulled into the European
problems like they did in WW1.
– Revisionist History- popular in the 1930’s that the US
had been misled and Germany was not responsible
for WWI.
– Gallup poll in 1937 showed 2/3 said that US entry to
WWI had been a mistake
Storm Cellar Isolationism Cont.
• Johnson Act of 1934 (Johnson Debt
Default Act)
– When European nations stopped payment on
WWI debts to the US, this law prevented any
nation in default from selling securities to any
American citizen or corporation.
– In other words if a country had a debt with the
U.S. they could not borrow anymore money
from the U.S.
Prelude to War
• As nations struggled to survive the ordeal of the
Great Depression, they would be soon
confronted with a struggle greater than World
War I or the desperation associated with the
collapse of the world’s economy.
• For in Europe and Asia imperialism, militarism,
and fascism were taking hold and would soon
envelope the world in a catastrophe that made
other modern wars seem pale in comparison
Struggling Germany
• Germany’s defeat and the war reparations
($33billion) combined with the economic
collapse of the 1930’s provided fertile ground for
extremist organizations to flourish
– Nationalist Socialist Party (the Nazis)
• War Guilt Clause: Article 231
– Damaged its national psyche was damaged by the
punitive Treaty of Versailles
• Adolf Hitler rose to head the Nazis and in the
process exploit Germany’s shame and
humiliation to elevate himself and the Nazis to
the nation’s political leadership
Dictators: Adolf Hitler
• Nazi Party (Germany) – 1921
• Rome-Berlin Axis (1936)
Conspiracy/ Scapegoat
• A passionate orator,
Hitler convinced the
German people that their
defeat in war, the
humiliating peace terms
and the collapse of the
German economy had
been the result of poor
political leadership,
defeatism on the home
front, and the economic
conspiracy of
Germany’s Jewish
Population
“Cult of Personality”
• Hitler and the Nazis synthesized
nationalism with populist rhetoric, while
simultaneously rejecting liberal values,
communism, and republicanism.
• Utilizing coercion and violence, his regime
promoted the “cult of personality,” in
which the leader (Hitler), was portrayed as
being larger than the nation itself.
Like a rocket
• Tapping into the average German’s
nationalistic sentiments, in a little more
than a decade, he rose from being an little
known World War I vet and third-rate artist
to become chancellor of Germany by
1933.
• He immediately begin to rebuild
Germany’s military in order to restore its
commanding presence in Europe
Dictators: Benito Mussolini
• Same story in Italy
• Another demagogue
Mussolini took advantage of
his nations post war strife,
labor strikes, the
breakdown of law and order
(Naps III), battles between
right and left wing factions
to catapult himself and the
fascist Party to the top in
Italy by 1922
Dictators: Benito Mussolini
• Like his fascist buddy in
Germany, Mussolini
became a dictator.
• His totalitarian state was
was not nearly as “Total”
as Nazi Germany
Japan
• In Japan many
believed that only
through extreme
militarism and
nationalism could
Japan take it’s place
in the Sun.
Splendid Isolation
• Even though these events concerned
American political leaders, the
developments in Europe and Asia could
not shift the American public away from
the belief that these were uniquely
European and Asian issues, and that the
US should avoid involvement in yet
another war that, like World War I.
• During these interwar years, the US
maintained a fragile policy of neutrality.
Congress legislates Neutrality
• Congress passed Neutrality Acts hoping to stay out of
wars that they should not be involved in and to try not to
make the same mistake made in WW1, but with WW2
came different circumstances and they said they would
stay neutral no matter what.
– 1935- American ships prohibited from carrying arms to
belligerent, no travel on belligerent ships
– 1936- gave pres authority to determine when a state of war
existed, and prohibited loans or credits to nations at war
– 1937-pres has authority to determine if a civil war was a threat to
world peace and covered by the Neutrality acts, prohibited arms
to be sold to any belligerents, and allowed cash-and-carry sale
of non-military goods to belligerents
Threats to World Order
• The Manchurian Crisis
– Sept 1931 the Japanese
army invaded and seized
Chinese Manchuria.
– This violated the Nine
Power Pact and the KelloggBriand Pact
– When the LON sought
consideration of action
against Japan, Hoover
refused to consider either
economic or military
sanctions
– The only American action
was to refuse recognition of
the action or the puppet
state of Manchukuo (Japan)
Threats to World Order
• A. Mussolini’s Italy
“Gases” Ethiopia
(1935)
– Following a border
skirmish between
Italian and Ethiopian
troops, the Italy
invaded in 1935. The
LON failed to take
action, the US looked
on, and Ethopia fell in
1936.
America Dooms Loyalist Spain
• Spanish Civil War began in 1936 after the election of a
Popular Front of republican and radical parties.
• Right wing Generals led by Francisco Franco, began a
military revolt
• US, Britain and France remained neutral, despite
participation of German and Italian military unites aiding
Franco’s fascist forces.
• The USSR, as well as volunteers from the US and other
nations, fought with the anti-fascists, but were defeated
in 1939
America Dooms Loyalist Spain
• The Spanish-Civil War was in a way a
preview of WW2 because it was the
fascist fighting against the republic and
although the U.S. wanted the republic to
win they could not offer and did not offer
any help, but Hitler and other fascist
leaders helped out the fascist leader in
Spain who was then the victor of the war.
Appeasing Japan and Germany
• In 1937 Japan went and invaded china, but since
Franklin D. Roosevelt did not consider this a war so
trade was not cut off between them and the U.S.
• Also during this time Franklin D. Roosevelt gave a
speech called the Quarantine Speech (“Quarantine
the Aggressor”) hoping to make the American citizens
and democracies be against the communist countries
and aggressor nations.
– When public opinion didn’t pick up the idea, he
dropped it.
Appeasing Japan and Germany
• After the full scale invasion of China in
July 1937 Japanese planes sank the
American gunboat Panay and 3 Standard
Oil tankers on the Yangtze River (2 killed
30 wounded)
• Japan quickly apologized and paid
damage payments
• Americans called for withdrawal of
American forces in China
Appeasing Japan and Germany
• During this Hitler was busy doing things
over in Germany, first he violated the
Treaty of Versailles in two ways and then
he wrote a book which led to the Germans
persecuting the Jewish people.
• Also he took Austria and said that he
wanted the German people to be most of
the population in Sudetenland.
The Allies Ignore Early German Actions
in Austria and Czechoslovakia
The US and Its Allies (England &
France) Aim to Avoid War with
Germany
The Allies Appease Hitler at Munich the Conference
- At Munich in 1938, Italy (Mussolini), Germany (Hitler),
France (Eduard Deladier) and Britain (Neville Chamberlain) met
to discuss a peaceful settlement.
- Hitler promised he was done invading nations, that he only
wanted Sudetenland because of its German population / 1 Year
later he invaded signed a Non-Aggression Pact with Stalin and
invaded Poland
Hitler’s belligerency
• In 1939 Germany and Russia signed the RussoGerman Nonaggression Pact which basically said they
would not fight against each other.
• As a result Hitler decided he wanted to attack Poland,
knowing that Britain and France said if Germany
attacked Poland they would retaliate …they attacked
Poland anyway on Sept. 1, 1939.
• This now meant that WW2 had started.
– By end of Sept Poland was split between Germany and USSR
• Due to the neutrality acts the U.S. was not allowed to get
involved, but FDR passed a Neutrality Act of 1939
which said the U.S. could sell war materials on a Cashand-Carry basis
Fall of France
• The German military used a very quick, but
brutal attacking system which helped them
conquer many places very quickly. “Blitzkrieg”
• They used planes, tanks, and ground troops.
The attack on France was very quick and short
and France surrendered very quickly, luckily the
French troops were able to get away and now
Britain was the last European country between
the U.S. and Germany
Fall of France (cont.)
• Due to the fact that Britain was the last country
between the U.S. and Germany Franklin D.
Roosevelt started to strengthen the military by
having 1.2 million troops trained each year and
800,000 reserves.
• The main concern was that Germany would try
and attack the different colonies of Latin America
• American attitudes changed. However, many
were still desiring neutrality.
Review Quiz
• COMPLETION
– 1-What was the goal of the London Conference?
– 2-What Act released the Philippines from the
U.S.?
– 3-What is the Tripartite Pact?
– 4-Why was the Spanish-Civil War a preview of
WW2?
– 5-How did Germany attack France?
Question 6
• Why did President Franklin Roosevelt
undermine the goals of the London Economic
Conference, causing it to collapse?
– A. its members insisted on a rigid adherence to the
gold standard
– B. any agreement to stabilize national currencies
might hurt America's recovery from Depression
– C. Any agreement emanating from the conference
would necessarily involve the United States
military with the League of Nations
– D. The delegates refused to work on reviving trade
– E. It was dominated by British and Swiss bankers.
Question 7
• Which of the following represented a partial motivation
for President Roosevelt’s decision to diplomatically
recognize the Soviet Union?
– A. It was an effort to gain political support from American
Catholics
– B. It was a diplomatic reward for the Soviet Union for modifying its
repressive communist policies
– C. FDR hoped that diplomatic recognition of the Soviet Union
would serve as a diplomatic counterweight to the rising power of
Japan and Germany
– D. It was an attempt to win favor with American liberals and
leftists
– E. It was an effort to open opportunities for American investment
in Siberian oil fields
Question 8
• Which of the following is NOT associated
with the Axis Powers?
–A. Hitler
–B. Mussolini
–C. Japan
–D. Franco
–E. Italy
Question 9
• In the Munich Conference
– A. Hitler agreed to form an alliance with Italy and
Japan
– B. the Big 3 agreed to demand unconditional surrender
from the Germans and Japanese
– C. Britain and France gave in to Hitler’s territorial
demands
– D. the US promised Germany that it would remain
neutral in War
– E. The Nazi’s worked out the details of the Final
Solution
Question 10
• Which future allied nation provided
support to the Loyalists in the Spanish
Civil War?
–A. United States
–B. Britain
–C. France
–D. China
–E. Soviet Union
Question 11
• The America First Committee
– A. was strongly opposed in favor of providing
economic assistance to Britain, but opposed military
aid
– B. believed the US should enter the war only if its
ships were attacked by German subs
– C. was strongly in favor of the assistance President
Roosevelt gave to the British
– D. believed “cash and carry” would not jeopardize
American neutrality
– E. strongly opposed U.S. intervention in the war
Question 12
• In the Panay incident
– A. the Japanese inadvertently sank a U.S. gunboat
on patrol in China
– B. the Japanese launched a surprise attack on the
7th Fleet at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii
– C. Japan invaded China
– D. the Japanese government agreed not to invade
China in return for territorial concessions in S.E.
Asia
– E. Chinese Troops attacked the Japanese embassy
in China