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Chapter 19 “The Interwar Years: The Challenge of Dictators and Depression” AP EUROPEAN HISTORY MR. RICK PURRINGTON MARSHALL HIGH SCHOOL I. Europe after WWI A. Damaged economies 1.Lost producers and consumers 2. Industrial infrastructure destroyed 3. New borders separated factories from resources 4. Railway systems now split between multiple nations Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. II. The New USSR A. 1921 – Lenin’s New Economic Plan (NEP) 1. Mixture of socialism and capitalism B. Stalin/Trotsky Rivalry 1. 1922 – Lenin suffers stroke, dies in 1924 2. Leon Trotsky vs. Joseph Stalin 3. Stalin convinced party of: - Rapid industrialization - Opposition to Trotsky’s “worldwide revolution” - 1929 - Trotsky exiled to Mexico, killed C. Stalin’s 5-Year Plan 1. Gov’t control over economy, industrialization 2. 1928-1940 - Economy grows 400% 3. Horrid working conditions in factories 4. Collectivization of farms Administration Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. D. Stalin’s Terror 1. Kulaks – well off peasants who resisted collectivization 2. “Dekulakization” – removal of kulaks to Siberia 3. The Great Purges - 1933 – Stalin’s killing or removal of enemies and opponents - fueled by Stalin’s power and paranoia III. Fascism in Italy A. Fascism – “nation first dictatorship,” anti-Liberal, anti-Marxist, usually anti-Semitic B. Benito Mussolini 1. Angered by Treaty of V 2. Strong Nationalist 3. Took advantage of post-war chaos Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. speeches delivered in settings surrounded by his Fascist followers and military supporters. AP Wide World Photos Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. IV. The Weimar Republic in G A. The G Constitution – liberal and flawed 1. allowed small parties to gain seats in Reichstag easily 2. permitted presidential “emergency powers” if granted by Reichstag B. Lacked Support of People 1. Connected to Treaty of V 2. Treaty reparations caused massive inflation, paper money becomes worthless 3. High unemployment 4. Weimar Republic appears powerless Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Early Nazi Propaganda "Come to the NSDAP Meeting." At the bottom, there are the following notes: “War injured and the unemployed half price, Jews not admitted.” Early Nazi Propaganda "Two million dead. Did they die in vain? Never! Front soldiers! Adolf Hitler is showing you the way!" Early Nazi Propaganda “Work and Food" V. The Rise of Adolf Hitler in G A. 1919 - WWI 1. earned iron cross for bravery 2. blames G loss on Jews and Communists 3. is humiliated by Treaty of V B. 1921 - Joins Nazis 1. rises to leadership 2. 1923 - Beerhall Putsch – protests Weimar Republic 3. imprisoned, martyred 4. writes Mein Kampf 5. Nazi Party grows 6. 1933 – Nazis elected to control Reichstag 7. Hitler appointed Chancellor of G "Who is Adolf Hitler? The man from the people, for the people! The German front soldier who risked his life in 48 battles for Germany! What does Adolf Hitler want? Food for every decent working German! The gallows for profiteers, exploiters, regardless of religious faith or race! Why is Adolf Hitler not allowed to speak? Because he is ruthless in uncovering the rulers of the German economy, the international bank Jews their lackeys, the Democrats, Marxists! Demand the lifting of the illegal ban on his speaking! Early Nazi Propaganda "Enough! Vote Hitler!" “If we review all the causes of the German collapse, the ultimate and most decisive remains the failure to recognize the racial problem and especially the Jewish menace.” ~ Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf, 1924 Kulturbesitz Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. C. Hitler gains total control 1. 1933 - Reichstag building is set on fire “This is the beginning of the Communist revolution! We must not wait a minute. We will show no mercy. Every Communist official must be shot, where he is found. Every Communist deputy must this very day be strung up.” ~ Herman Goering, Commander of Nazi Airforce a) Hitler blames the Communists b) Hitler demands he receive emergency powers to “protect the nation” c) The Enabling Act: most civil liberties are suspended “Restrictions on personal liberty, on the right of free expression of opinion, including freedom of the press; on the rights of assembly and association; and violations of the privacy of postal, telegraphic and telephonic communications; and warrants for house searches, orders for confiscations as well as restrictions on property, are also permissible beyond the legal limits otherwise prescribed.” 2. 1935 – Nuremberg Laws a) German citizens must be of German or related blood b) All others were not citizens but “subjects” including Jews 3. 1935 -- Aryanization Begins a) Jews were seen as an impure threat to G “Master Race” 4. SS Guard – Hitler’s police led by Heinrich Himmler 5. 1938 -- Kristallnacht – “Night of the Broken Glass” a) Thousands of Jewish stores, synagogues destroyed Chapter 20 “World War II” AP EUROPEAN HISTORY MR. RICK PURRINGTON MARSHALL HIGH SCHOOL Jews in Europe before WWII Anti-Semitic Propaganda "Just as it is often hard to tell a toadstool from an edible mushroom, so too it is often very hard to recognize the Jew as a swindler and criminal..." Anti-Semitic Propaganda "The God of the Jews is money. To earn money, he commits the greatest crimes. He will not rest until he can sit on a huge money sack, until he has become the king of money." Anti-Semitic Propaganda “No Jews Wanted Here.” "The Jewish nose is bent. It looks like the number six...“ “The Eternal Jew” The Jew: “The inciter of war; the prolonger of war.” I. World War II Begins A. Breaking the Treaty of V 1. Hitler created jobs by re-building military 2. 1935 - G signs Axis alliance w/ Fascist Italy Benito Mussolini 3. 1936 – G marches troops into the G Rhineland B. Br and Fr Concerned 1. Hitler meets w/ Neville Chamberlain (PM of Br) to discuss G’s breaking of Treaty of V Neville 2. Policy of appeasement is adopted by Br and Fr Chamberlain C. German Aggression Continues 1. 1938 - G annexes Au and Sudetenland (in Czech.) 2. Br & Fr are angry but . . . . continue to appease 3. 1938 - G attacks and annexes Czech. 4. 1939 - Hitler signs non-aggression pact w/USSR 5. 1939 - G attacks w/“blitzkrieg” annexes Poland a) Poland’s 3 million Jews brutalized, sent to camps D. 1939 - Allies (Br + Fr) declare war on Axis Powers (G, Italy, Japan) German Rhineland • Printed prior to the Nazi annexation of Poland. • Danzig, Poland was a Nazi target. • Even “the heavens” agree that Danzig is a German city. German Blitzkrieg “Lightning War” II. U.S. Enters WWII A.The War in Eu 1. 1941 - Under Axis Control: most of Eu, N. Africa, much of SE Asia B. Japan – Fascist, expansionist military gov’t C. U.S. responds to J aggression 1) U.S. ends all trade with J 2) U.S. moves naval fleet to Pearl Harbor D. J Attacks U.S. – Pearl Harbor Dec. 7, 1941 1. 2,388 U.S. soldiers killed 2. U.S. declares war on J Stalingrad III.The Allies vs. The Axis A. Churchill+FDR’s War Strategy 1. Stop G, win war in Eu first B. Hitler’s Biggest Blunder 1. Sept. 1942 – Hitler attacks USSR a) Goal: Take Stalingrad (industrial center on the Volga River) b) Guerilla warfare and winter hits G soldiers c) G soldiers unable to defeat USSR Stalingrad C. Nov 1942 - “Operation Torch” 1. U.S. attacks the “soft under-belly” – N.Africa, Italy 2. 1943 - Italy surrenders, Mussolini executed by his people Operation Overlord: D-Day Calais D. June 1944 - “Operation Overlord” 1. D-Day: June 6, 1944 a) Goal: Drive G out of Fr b) Allied attack on Normandy Fr http://www.britannica.com/dday/art-40584 c) over 1 million Allied troops landed d) August 1944 – G retreat out of Paris Operation Overlord: D-Day Calais Operation Overlord: D-Day Calais E. Dec 1944 - Battle of the Bulge 1. G counter-attack on Allies in Bel 2. G fails – Allies advance toward G IV. The Holocaust A. The Final Solution 1. 1941 – Nazi leaders met in Wannsee, Germany 2. The Final Solution = the Nazi answer to the “Jewish Question.” What to do with the Jews? 3. “These people must disappear from the face of the earth.” ~Heinrich Himmler, 1943 Speech to Nazi Leaders The Gas Chambers 1. Zyklon B -- Hydrogen cyanide (a pesticide) used in the gas chambers. • 1942 – Aushwitz used 8.2 tons of Zyklon B. • 1943 – 13.4 tons. • 1944 – 19.6 tons. The Crematorium 1. Used to burn dead bodies. 2. Located at extermination camps Nazi Medical Experiments 1. Prisoners were human “guinea pigs.” • Studied women’s wombs following injections of toxic chemicals. • Cut off limbs and reattached limbs from other prisoners. • Mustard-gas poisoning tests. B. Liberation 1. Freeing of Concentration Camps “There is no doubt that this is the greatest and most horrible crime ever committed in the whole history of the world.” ~British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, upon witnessing camp atrocities C. The Statistics 1. • • • • Number of Jews Killed: 6 million total 2/3 of European Jews 1/3 of Jews in the world 88% of Jews in Poland were killed – 2,950,000 V.Allied Victory A. V-E Day (Victory in Europe) 1. USSR attacks Berlin, G 2. U.S. attacks Nuremberg, G 3. Hitler commits suicide in Berlin bunker 4. May 7, 1945 - G Surrenders VI. War in the Pacific A. J Refuses to Surrender B. Allied Island Hopping 1. Island Battles at Midway, Guadalcanal, Iwo Jima, Okinawa 2. J fought to the death 3. Kamikaze suicide missions C. The Atomic Bombs 1. April 12, 1945 - FDR dies, Truman is Pres of U.S. 2. Truman decides to “save U.S. lives” 3. Aug 6, 1945 - Hiroshima a) 80,000 instantly dead 4. J refuses to surrender 5. Aug 9, 1945 - Nagasaki a) 40,000 instantly dead 6. Aug 15, 1945 - J surrenders (V-J day)