Download Chapter 25 WORLD WAR II (1938

HOLT
Chapter 16
CALL TO
FREEDOM
1865 to the Present
WORLD WAR II
(1938-1945)
Section 1: World War II Begins
Section 2: Mobilizing for War
Section 3: The War in North Africa and Europe
Section 4: War in the Pacific
Section 5: Final Victory and Consequences
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HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
Section 1:
World War II Begins
HOLT
CALL TO
FREEDOM
1865 to the Present
OBJECTIVES
 What parts of Europe did Germany conquer
by mid-1940?
 How did President Roosevelt aid Britain
while preserving U.S. neutrality?
 What events led to the conflict between the
United States and Japan?
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HOLT, RINEHART
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WINSTON
Section 1:
World War II Begins
HOLT
CALL TO
FREEDOM
1865 to the Present
Parts of Europe Conquered by Hitler
by Mid-1940’s
 In April 1940 German troops occupied
Denmark.
 In May 1940 Germany seized the Low
Countries of Belgium, Luxembourg, and the
Netherlands.
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HOLT
CALL TO
FREEDOM
1865 to the Present
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SECTION 1
HOLT
World War II
CALL TO
FREEDOM
1865 to the Present
Sudetenland
Belgium
The Netherlands
Norway
German
Conquests in
Europe, Mid-1940
much of Poland
Denmark
France
Luxemburg
HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
Section 1:
World War II Begins
HOLT
CALL TO
FREEDOM
1865 to the Present
Roosevelt Aids Britain During Neutrality
 In 1939 Congress approved a “cash-andcarry” system to supply the allies with
weapons.
 Roosevelt swapped 50 US destroyers for 99year leases on several of Britain’s naval bases
in the Caribbean.
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HOLT, RINEHART
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WINSTON
Section 1:
World War II Begins
HOLT
CALL TO
FREEDOM
1865 to the Present
Conflicts Between the U.S. and Japan
 In July 1941 Japanese forces seized French
Indochina leading Roosevelt to freeze
Japanese funds and blocking the sale of
products to Japan.
 On December 7, 1941 the Japanese attacked
Pearl Harbor.
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HOLT, RINEHART
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Section 2:
Mobilizing for War
HOLT
CALL TO
FREEDOM
1865 to the Present
OBJECTIVES
 How did the United States mobilize for World
War II?
 What effects did World War II have on
civilian women and minorities?
 Why did the U.S. government intern Japanese
Americans during the war?
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HOLT, RINEHART
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Section 2:
Mobilizing for War
HOLT
CALL TO
FREEDOM
1865 to the Present
U.S. Prepares for War
 Production boomed as American factories
turned out enormous quantities of war
materials.
 The government expanded its role and
increased its regulation of the economy.
 The War Production Board (WPB) was
created to oversee the conversion of factories
to war production.
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HOLT, RINEHART
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WINSTON
Section 2:
Mobilizing for War
(continued)
HOLT
CALL TO
FREEDOM
1865 to the Present
U.S. Prepares for War
 In 1940 Congress passed the Selective
Training and Service Act – the first peacetime
draft in U.S. history requiring all men
between the ages of 21 and 35 to register for
the draft but later included men aged 18 to 36.
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HOLT, RINEHART
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HOLT
Conscientious Objectors
CALL TO
FREEDOM
1865 to the Present
 Of the more than 72,000 men registering as
conscientious objectors (CO), nearly 52,000
received CO status. Of these, over 25,000 entered
the military in noncombatant roles, another 12,000
went to civilian work camps, and nearly 6,000
went to prison. Draft evasion only accounted for
about 4% of the total inducted. About 373,000
alleged evaders were investigated with just over
16,000 being imprisoned.
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HOLT, RINEHART
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WINSTON
HOLT
CALL TO
FREEDOM
1865 to the Present
Said a bird in the midst of a blitz
“Up to now, they’ve scored very few hitz,
so I’ll sit on my canny
Old Star Spangled Fanny…”
And on it he sitz and he sitz.
-Dr. Seuss
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HOLT, RINEHART
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WINSTON
Section 2:
Mobilizing for War
HOLT
CALL TO
FREEDOM
1865 to the Present
Women During the Time of War
 Women replaced men in factories and
business offices.
 Some 300,000 women worked in the armed
forces, in organizations such as the Women’s
Auxiliary Army Corps (WAAC), and served
as nurses.
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HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
Section 2:
Mobilizing for War
HOLT
CALL TO
FREEDOM
1865 to the Present
Minorities During the Time of War
 African Americans migrated to the North to
work in industry.
 Mexican Americans took advantage of
wartime job opportunities.
 Braceros – Mexican workers from Mexico –
were allowed to enter the U.S. to work in
agricultural jobs.
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HOLT, RINEHART
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WINSTON
Section 2:
Mobilizing for War
HOLT
CALL TO
FREEDOM
1865 to the Present
Japanese American Internment
 After Pearl Harbor, many Americans
questioned the loyalty of Issei and Nisei.
 Fearing the possibility of spying or sabotage,
in February 1942 the government began a
process of internment, or forced relocation
and imprisonment, of Japanese Americans.
Issei – immigrants born in Japan
Nisei – full citizens born in the U.S.
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HOLT, RINEHART
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HOLT
Japanese Internment:
Executive Order 9066
CALL TO
FREEDOM
1865 to the Present
http://memory.loc.gov/learn/lessons/99/fear/gallery.html
HOLT, RINEHART
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HOLT
CALL TO
FJapanese
REEDOM
Pearl Harbor’s Impact on the
1865 to the Present



Anti-Japanese sentiments have
existed in the United States for
several decades prior to the
attack on Pearl Harbor.
On December 7, 1941, the
United States naval base Pearl
Harbor was attacked by Japan,
resulting in the U.S. entry into
WWII.
During that time, more than
119,000 people of Japanese
ancestry, two-thirds of them
American citizens, were living in
California, Washington, and
Oregon.
(www.usatoday.com/.../contenttemplate14.htm)
HOLT, RINEHART
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CALL TO
FREEDOM
1865 to the Present



President Franklin D. Roosevelt
signed Executive Order No.
9066 in February of 1942.
Executive Order No. 9066
empowered the U.S. Army to
designate areas from which "any
or all persons may be excluded."
The attack of Pearl Harbor
shocked the American public,
resulting in widespread hysteria
and paranoia.
HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
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CALL TO
FREEDOM
1865 to the Present
 Those of Japanese
ancestry living on the
West Coast were to be
relocated.
 Internment refers to the
forced imprisonment
and relocation of a
group of people.
HOLT, RINEHART
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WINSTON
Internment



Fear of disloyalty on the part of
any Issei or Nisei was common
among many Americans.
 Issei: those born in Japan,
regarded by the U.S.
government as ineligible for
U.S. citizenship.
 Nisei: those born to Japan
parents, thus U.S. citizens.
1/3 of the population of Hawaii
was comprised of those of
Japanese descent, thus many of
them were not interned, however
the islands were placed under
martial law.
Video Clip
HOLT
CALL TO
FREEDOM
1865 to the Present
http://www.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/images/photodb/23-0306a.gif
Japanese near trains during Relocation
http://www.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/images/photodb/23-0307a.gif
Housing in a Japanese Relocation camp
HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
HOLT
CALL TO
FREEDOM
1865 to the Present
Questions to consider:
 Describe life in a
relocation camp. How is
that life different from
your own?
 Describe the differing
points of view held by the
elderly and the young.
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HOLT
Internment

Japanese assets were frozen after the
attack on Pearl Harbor, making it
difficult for many Japanese
Americans to move from the West
Coast.

March 2, 1942
Gen. John L. DeWitt issues Public
Proclamation No. 1 which creates
Military Areas Nos. 1 and 2.
Military Area No. 1 includes the
western portion of California,
Oregon and Washington, and part of
Arizona. Military Area No. 2
includes the rest of these states. The
proclamation also hints that people
might be excluded from Military
Area No. 1.
(http://www.pbs.org/childofcamp/his
tory/timeline.html)
CALL TO
FREEDOM
1865 to the Present
http://www.bookmice.net/darkchilde/japan/japan/map4.jpg
Japanese Internment Camp Locations
HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
HOLT
CALL TO
FREEDOM
 March 24, 1942
The first Civilian Exclusion
Order issued by the Army is
issued for the Bainbridge
Island area near Seattle. The
forty-five families there are
given one week to prepare.
By the end of October, 108
exclusion orders would be
issued, and all Japanese
Americans in Military Area
No. 1 and the California
portion of No. 2 would be
incarcerated.
1865 to the Present
(www.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/od9066ph.html)
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
HOLT
CALL TO
FREEDOM
1865 to the Present
War Relocation Authority(WRA) Centers
HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
HOLT
Life in Internment Camps
 "In the detention centers,
families lived in
substandard housing, had
inadequate nutrition and
health care, and had their
livelihoods destroyed:
many continued to suffer
psychologically long after
their release"
- "Personal Justice Denied:
Report of the Commission
on Wartime Relocation and
Internment of Civilians”
CALL TO
FREEDOM
1865 to the Present
(www.trumanlibrary.org/.../20-2311a.htm)
HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
HOLT
CALL TO
FREEDOM
1865 to the Present
 "In desert camps, the
evacuees met severe
extremes of temperature.
In winter it reached 35
degrees below zero, and
summer brought
temperatures as high as
115 degrees. Rattlesnakes
and desert wildlife added
danger to discomfort."
- Personal Justice Denied:
Report of the Commission
on Wartime Relocation and
Internment of Civilians.
(http://www.nps.gov/manz/hrs/hrst.htm)
HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
Life in Manzanar
HOLT
CALL TO
FREEDOM
1865 to the Present
Photos taken by Ansel Adams (http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage)
HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
HOLT
CALL TO
FREEDOM
1865 to the Present
 In 1988, Congress implemented the Civil Liberties
Act, apologizing on behalf of the nation for the
"grave injustice" done to persons of Japanese
ancestry. Congress declared that the internments had
been "motivated largely by racial prejudice, wartime
hysteria, and a failure of political leadership" and
authorized $20,000 payments to Japanese Americans
who had suffered injustices during World War II.
(http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/aamhtml/aamabout.html)
HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
Section 3: The War in
North Africa and Europe
HOLT
CALL TO
FREEDOM
1865 to the Present
OBJECTIVES
 Why was the Allies’ North Africa campaign
so important?
 What were the major turning points of the war
in Europe?
 How did the Allies drive the Germans out of
France?
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HOLT, RINEHART
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WINSTON
Section 3: The War in
North Africa and Europe
HOLT
CALL TO
FREEDOM
1865 to the Present
Importance of the
Allied North Africa Campaign
 To control the Suez Canal – a vital Allied
supply route
 To push the Germans out of Egypt and North
Africa
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WINSTON
Section 3: The War in
North Africa and Europe
HOLT
CALL TO
FREEDOM
1865 to the Present
Turning Points in Europe
 The Battle of Stalingrad, January 1943, forced
German troops to surrender and ended
Hitler’s attempt to crush the Soviet Union.
 The D-Day invasion, June 6, 1944, led to the
liberation of France.
 The Battle of the Bulge, December 16, 1944,
ended Germany’s ability to wage offensive
war.
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HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
Section 3: The War in
North Africa and Europe
HOLT
CALL TO
FREEDOM
1865 to the Present
Germans Are Driven Out of France
 U.S. generals Omar Bradley and George
Patton led allied forces in attacks on German
troops in France.
 New allied forces landed in southern France
and began to advance northward.
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HOLT, RINEHART
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WINSTON
Section 4:
War in the Pacific
HOLT
CALL TO
FREEDOM
1865 to the Present
OBJECTIVES
 Where did Japan attack in addition to its
bombing of Pearl Harbor?
 What three battles were the major turning
points of the war in the Pacific?
 How did the Allies advance toward Japan?
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HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
Section 4:
War in the Pacific
HOLT
CALL TO
FREEDOM
1865 to the Present
Japan Advances Across the Pacific
 By early 1942 Japan had seized Hong Kong,
Singapore, Burma, and the Netherlands East
Indies.
 Japan also captured Guam, Wake Island, the
Aleutian islands of Kiska and Attu, and the
Philippines.
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HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
Section 4:
War in the Pacific
HOLT
CALL TO
FREEDOM
1865 to the Present
Three Major Turning Points in the Pacific
 Battle of the Coral Sea – led by U.S. Admiral
Chester Nimitz who halted the Japanese
advance in the Pacific
 Battle of Midway (June 3-4, 1942) – allied
forced crippled the Japanese navy
 Guadalcanal (August, 1942) – allies won
control of the island and stopped the Japanese
from completing an airstrip there
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HOLT, RINEHART
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WINSTON
Section 4:
War in the Pacific
HOLT
CALL TO
FREEDOM
1865 to the Present
Allied Advance Towards Japan
 Allies planned to conquer one Pacific Island
after another, gradually moving closer to
Japan.
 Allies planned the strategy of island-hopping
to gain bases from which they could bomb and
later invade Japan.
island-hopping – World War II strategy of conquering
only certain Pacific islands
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HOLT, RINEHART
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WINSTON
Section 4:
War in the Pacific
(continued)
HOLT
CALL TO
FREEDOM
1865 to the Present
Allied Advance Towards Japan
 Allies invaded New Guinea, the Gilbert
Islands, Marshall, Mariana, Volcano, Bonin
Islands and the Marinas in l943 to pave the
way to begin bombing the Japanese mainland.
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HOLT, RINEHART
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Section 5: Final Victory
and Consequences
HOLT
CALL TO
FREEDOM
1865 to the Present
OBJECTIVES
 How did the Allies force Germany and Japan
to surrender?
 What were the human and economic costs of
World War II?
 What events led to the Holocaust?
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HOLT, RINEHART
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WINSTON
HOLT
Section 5: Final Victory
and Consequences
CALL TO
FREEDOM
1865 to the Present
Germany and Japan Surrender
 The allies pushed toward Germany from the
east and west forcing them to surrender.
 On August 6, 1945 an atomic bomb was
dropped on Hiroshima and on August 9, 1945
a second bomb was dropped on Nagasaki,
forcing the Japanese to surrender.
atomic bomb – a weapon the produced tremendous
power by splitting atoms
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HOLT, RINEHART
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WINSTON
Section 5: Final Victory
and Consequences
HOLT
CALL TO
FREEDOM
1865 to the Present
Costs of the War
 Approximately 50 million people died – more
than half of them civilians.
 Millions more were injured or left suffering
from disease and malnutrition.
 War devastated national economies in Europe
and Asia.
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HOLT, RINEHART
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WINSTON
Section 5: Final Victory
and Consequences
(continued)
HOLT
CALL TO
FREEDOM
1865 to the Present
Costs of the War
 Food production, industry, and transportation
networks were destroyed in many areas.
 Millions of people were left homeless and
lacking basic necessities such as food.
 Much of the world’s great art and architecture
was lost forever.
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HOLT, RINEHART
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Section 5: Final Victory
and Consequences
HOLT
CALL TO
FREEDOM
1865 to the Present
The Holocaust
 Hitler and the Nazis used this plan to destroy the
Jewish population.
 In January 1942, at the Wannsee Conference, the
Nazi leaders agreed to a “final solution to the Jewish
question” by using genocide – the deliberate murder
of an entire people.
 Nazis planned to eliminate the Jews by placing them
in death camps equipped with gas chambers to kill
them.
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