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COMPUTER GENERATIONS
STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT
FIRST GENERATION
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1940 – 1956
VACUUM TUBES
USE VACUUM TUBES FOR CIRCUITS
USE MAGNETIC DRUMS FOR MEMORY – DATA
& PROGRAMS STORED
• INPUT – PUNCHED CARDS
• OUTPUT – PRINTOUTS
• BINARY CODED LANGUAGE
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SINGLE TASK
NO VERSATILITY AND SPEED
SIZE – HUGE
HEAT GENERATION – HEAVY
NON PORTABLE
SLOW
EXPENSIVE
POWER CONSUMPTION – HIGH
MAINTENANCE – HIGH
FOR DIFFERENT COMPUTERS – INSTRUCTIONS
MUST BE REWRITTEN / RECOMPILED
• ENIAC, EDVAC, UNIVAC
SECOND GENERATION
• 1956 – 63
• TRANSISTORS
• SEMICONDUCTOR MATERIAL – MADE OF –
GERMANIUM,SILICON
• SMALL SIZE, LOW POWER
• MORE RELIABLE
• PRIMARY MEMORY – MAGNETIC CORE
• SECONDARY MEMORY – MAGNETIC DISKS
• MACHINE LANGUAGE - ASSEMBLYLANGUAGE
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EASY PROGRAMMING
COBOL
FORTRAN
PDP-8, IBM 1401
IBM 790
COMPUTATIONAL TIME – MILI SECONDS
TOMICRO SECONDS
• LESS HEAT
THIRD GENERATION
• 1964 – 1970
• IC –INTEGRATED CRCUITS
• SILICON CHIP – MADE OF – TRANSISTORS &
RESISTORS
• SMALL SIZE, RELIABLE,EFFICIENT
• KEYBOARDS , MONITORS – OS
• MULTITASKING, MASS PRODUCTION
• COMPUTATIONAL TIME – MICRO SECONDS TO
NANO SECONDS
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NCR 395
B6500
EASILY PORTABLE
LESS POWER CONSUMPTION
MAINTENANCE COST – LOW
HIGH LEVEL LANGUAGE
IV - GENERATION
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1970’S
MICROPROCESSORS
BINARY NUMBERS
CIRCUITS – MILLIONS OF TRANSISTORS
INTEL 4004 – 1971
LSI, VLSI, ULSI
PC REVOLUTION – NETWORK, INTERNET
MAGNETIC CORE MEMORY REPLACED
BYSEMICONDUCTOR MEMORY
• RAM ,HARD DISK,NETWORK,GUI,MOUSE
• APPLE, ALTAIR, CRAY - I
V GENERATION
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SUPERCOMPUTERS
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
COMPUTERS LEARNINGFROM MISTAKES
1990 – EXPERT SYSTEM
MIMIC THE THOUGHT PROCESS
REASONING OF EXPERTS IN SPECIFIC AREAS
SUPER LSI
PARALLEL PROCESSING – MANY CPU
AI – SIMULATING HUMAN BEHAVOUR, THINK, SPEAK, REASON
NATURAL LANGUAGE PROCESISNG
ROBOTIC
SPEECH, VISION RECOGNITION
CDROM, OPTICAL DISK