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Chapter 13
Artificial Intelligence and
Expert Systems
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Learning Objectives
• List the basic concepts of artificial intelligence
• Give examples of how artificial intelligence
technologies have been used in business and other
fields
• Explain expertise, the purpose of expert systems in
business and other professional domains, and why
expert systems are so helpful in solving unstructured
problems
• Articulate the challenges involved in garnering
knowledge for the construction of knowledge bases
• Explain the concept of knowledge engineering
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Artificial Intelligence
in Business
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Artificial Intelligence
in Business (Cont.)
• Artificial Intelligence
– Attempt to emulate the human mind in machines
• Robotics
– Robots used to replace human laborers
• Artificial Vision
– Allows robots that move in space sense obstacles
– Used in machines for sorting and identification
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Artificial Intelligence
in Business (Cont.)
• Natural Language Processing
– Programs that recognize human commands
• Expert Systems
– Programs that simulate human expertise
• Neural Networks
– Programs built to solve problems while learning
and refining their knowledge
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Artificial Intelligence
in Business (Cont.)
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Artificial Intelligence
in Business (Cont.)
• Fuzzy Logic
– Based on rules that have no discrete
boundaries
– More closely mimics human problem solving
– Used in appliances, locomotives, managerial
decision making
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Artificial Intelligence
in Business (Cont.)
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Artificial Intelligence
in Business (Cont.)
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Artificial Intelligence
in Business (Cont.)
• Genetic Algorithms
– Mathematical functions that use Darwinian principals
to improve an application
• Intelligent Agents
– Automatically wade through massive amounts of data
to select and deliver the most suitable information
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Artificial Intelligence
in Business (Cont.)
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Contribution of
Expert Systems
• Planning
• Decision making
• Monitoring
• Diagnosis
• Training
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Contribution of
Expert Systems (Cont.)
• Incidental learning
• Replication of expertise
• Timely response
• Consistent solutions
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Development of
Expert Systems
• What is Expertise?
– Skill and knowledge whose input into a process
results in performance high above the norm
• Components of Expert Systems
– The interface or dialog
– The knowledge base
– The interface engine
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Development of
Expert Systems (Cont.)
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Construction of Expert Systems
• IF-THEN Rules
– Most popular method of knowledge representation
– Also called production rules
– Systems hold facts in the form of IF-THEN
statements
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Construction of Expert Systems
(Cont.)
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Construction of Expert Systems
(Cont.)
• Knowledge Engineering
– Asking experts appropriate questions and
translating into a knowledge base
– Some ESs take years
– Knowledge engineer: programmer who specializes
in developing ESs
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Construction of Expert Systems
(Cont.)
• Expert System Shells
– Expert System that has been emptied of its
knowledge
– Used to build new ES
• Forward Chaining
– Result-driven process
• Backward Chaining
– Goal-driven process
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Construction of Expert Systems
(Cont.)
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Factors Justifying the Acquisition
of Expert Systems
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Expert Systems in Action
• Medical management
• Telephone network maintenance
• Credit evaluation
• Tax planning
• Detection of insider securities trading
• Detection of common metals
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Expert Systems in Action (Cont.)
• Mineral exploration
• Irrigation and pest management
• Diagnosis and prediction of mechanical
failure
• Class selection for students
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Limitations of Expert Systems
• Three limitations of ESs:
– Can handle only narrow domains
– Do not possess common sense
– Have a limited ability to learn
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Ethical and Societal Issues
Too Sophisticated Technology
• Increasing dependence on machine intelligence
raises legal and ethical issues.
– Who is legally responsible for advice provided by a
program?
– Is expert judgment needed to interpret program
output?
– Does machine expertise replace or complement the
‘real thing’?
– How do we know if the experts behind expert
systems are expert at all?
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Ethical and Societal Issues
Too Sophisticated Technology
• Malfunctions of an ES can be caused by anyone
involved in the development
– Experts who contribute knowledge
– Knowledge engineer who builds the system
– Professional who uses the ES
– The person who is affected by the decision
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Summary
• Artificial intelligence has some basic concepts
• Artificial intelligence is used in business and other
fields
• Expert systems are helpful in solving unstructured
problems
• Knowledge gathering is important for knowledge
bases
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