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Chapter 18 Review Answer Key 1. Climate is the average, year after year conditions of temperature, precipitation, winds, and clouds in an area. 2. The main factors that influence temperature are latitude, altitude, distance from large bodies of water, and ocean currents. 3. Tropical Zone-Warm Climate Temperate Zone-warm or hot summers, cool or cold winters Polar Zone- cold climates 4. Marine Climates-closer to ocean currents-mild winters cool summers Continental climates-further from ocean currents-cold winters, warm or hot summers 5. Oceans moderate the temperatures of nearby land. Ocean currents may also warm or cool the air above them, affecting the temperatures of nearby land when the air moves over it. 6. The factors that affect precipitation are prevailing winds, the presence of mountains, and seasonal winds. 7. Windward-windy side lots of precipitation, leeward-little precipitation 8. Sea and land breezes over a large region that change direction with the seasons. 9. The tilt of the Earth’s axis. 10. Temperature and precipitation 11.Tropical Rainy-Tropical Wet-rain all year round-Rain forests, Tropical Wet and Dry- periods of wet and dry. Warm all year round Dry Climates- Arid-deserts-little rain and both hot and cold, Semiaridsteppe, gets rainfall for short grasses and bushes to grow. Temperate Marine Climates Marine West Coast-Mild rainy winters and varied precipitation in the summer Mediterranean-much drier and warmer than Marine West Coast Humid Subtropical- wet and warm all year long Temperate Continental Climates Humid Continental-warm or hot summers, cool or cold winters Subarctic-short , cool summers and long cold winters Polar Climates Ice Cap-cold with snow and ice cover Tundra-short cool summers and bitterly cold winters-permafrostpermanently frozen ground. Highlands Colder than the regions that surround them 12. Pollen and Tree Rings 13. A lot of water was stored in the ice on land. 14.Earth’s position, solar energy, volcanic activity 15.Land on Earth that was a single continent 16.El Nino-brings heavy rains and droughts, La Nina-colder than normal winters and greater hurricane activity 17. The gradual increase in the temperature of Earth’s atmosphere 18.Gases in the atmosphere that trap heat. 19.Rising sea levels, stronger hurricanes, melting glaciers 20.Chlorofluorocarbons that destroy the ozone layer.