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PSYCHOLOGY: MAKING CONNECTIONS GREGORY J. FEIST ERIKA L. ROSENBERG Copyright 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Introduction to Psychology Chapter One Copyright 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Preview Questions What makes people tick? What do psychologists do besides treating mental illness? How much of who we are is set by the time we’re born, and how much is due to our surroundings? Copyright 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter Preview What is Psychology? Subdisciplines of Psychology The Origins of Psychology Ways of Thinking About Mind, Body, and Experience Making Connections in Psychology: Studying Electronic Social Interactions Copyright 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. What is Psychology? Definition – Scientific study of thought and behavior Copyright 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Why Should You Study Psychology? Makes you more aware of how people work Makes you more aware of how you work Can help you be more effective in your career Copyright 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Subdisciplines of Psychology Copyright 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Subdisciplines of Psychology Copyright 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Subdisciplines of Psychology Developmental psychology – Study of how thought and behavior change and remain stable across the life span Behavioral neuroscience – Study of the links among brain, mind, and behavior Copyright 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Subdisciplines of Psychology Biological psychology – Study of the relationship between bodily systems and chemicals, and how they influence behavior and thought Personality psychology – Study of what makes people unique and the consistencies in people’s behavior across time and situations Copyright 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Subdisciplines of Psychology Social psychology – Considers how the real or imagined presence of others influences thought, feeling, and behavior Copyright 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Subdisciplines of Psychology Clinical psychology – Study of the treatment of mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders and the promotion of psychological health Counseling psychology Copyright 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Subdisciplines of Psychology Health psychology – Study of the role that psychological factors play in regard to physical health and illness Educational psychology – Study of how students learn, the effectiveness of particular teaching techniques, the social psychology of schools, and the psychology of teaching Copyright 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Subdisciplines of Psychology Industrial/organizational (I/O) psychology – Applies a broad array of psychological concepts and questions to work settings and problems Selecting personnel Studying the effectiveness of certain programs on worker productivity Copyright 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Subdisciplines of Psychology Sports psychology – Examines the psychological factors in sports and exercise – Attempts to increase athletic performance through relaxation and visualization techniques Copyright 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Subdisciplines of Psychology Forensic psychology – Field that blends psychology, law, and criminal justice Make legal evaluations of a person’s mental competence to stand trial Evaluate the state of mind of a defendant at the time of a crime Fitness of parent to have custody of children Criminal profiles Copyright 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Brief History of the Practice of Clinical Psychology Modern Views – Late 1880s – Sigmund Freud’s Psychoanalysis Assumes the unconscious mind is the most powerful force behind thought and behavior Copyright 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Brief History of the Practice of Clinical Psychology Modern Views – DSM-IV-TR: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, 4th edition, Text Revision Classification system that includes diagnoses for more than 250 psychological disorders Copyright 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Brief History of Scientific Psychology The Philosophy of Empiricism – View that all knowledge and thoughts come from experience 17th Century John Locke – Tabula rasa Copyright 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Brief History of Scientific Psychology The Psychophysics of Human Perception – First scientific form of psychology – Laboratory studies of the subjective experience of physical sensations Copyright 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Brief History of Scientific Psychology The Psychophysics of Human Perception – Relationship between the physical and psychological worlds – In 1879, Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920) opened the first psychology laboratory in Leipzig, Germany Copyright 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Brief History of Scientific Psychology The Psychophysics of Human Perception – William James Founder of psychology in the United States – G. Stanley Hall (1844-1924) Founded the American Psychological Association (APA) Copyright 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Brief History of Scientific Psychology Structuralism – 19th century school of thought that argued that breaking down experience into its elemental parts offers the best way to understand thought and behavior Introspection Copyright 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Brief History of Scientific Psychology Functionalism – 19th century school of thought that argued it was better to look at why the mind works the way it does than to describe its parts Influenced by Darwin’s theory of natural selection Used introspection as well Copyright 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Brief History of Scientific Psychology Behaviorism – School of thought that proposed that psychology can be a true science, only if it examines observable behavior, not ideas, thoughts, feelings, or motives John Watson B.F. Skinner (1904-1990) Copyright 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Brief History of Scientific Psychology Humanistic psychology – Theory of psychology that focuses on personal growth and meaning as a way of reaching one’s highest potential Abraham Maslow Carl Rogers Copyright 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Brief History of Scientific Psychology Positive psychology – Scientific approach to studying, understanding, and promoting healthy and positive psychological functioning Martin Seligman Copyright 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Brief History of Scientific Psychology Cognitivism – Gestalt psychology Theory of psychology that maintains that we perceive things as wholes rather than as a compilation of parts – Max Wertheimer (1880-1943) Copyright 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Brief History of Scientific Psychology Cognitivism – Frederick Bartlett (1886-1969) Stated that memory is not an objective and accurate representation of events but rather a highly personal reconstruction based on one’s own beliefs, ideas, and point of view Copyright 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Brief History of Scientific Psychology Evolutionary Psychology and Behavioral Neuroscience – 1992, John Tooby and Leda Cosmides published “The Evolutionary Foundations of Culture” Technology Human genome Copyright 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Copyright 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Ways of Thinking About Mind, Body, and Experience Copyright 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. The Nature-Nurture Debate Nature – Who we are comes from inborn tendencies and genetically based traits Nurture – We are all essentially the same at birth, and we are the product of our experiences Copyright 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. The Nature-Nurture Debate Nature through nurture – Position that the environment constantly interacts with biology to shape who we are, and what we do Copyright 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Mind-Body Dualism Rene’ Descartes – Stated that the mind and the body are separate entities – Mind controls the body Copyright 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Evolution of Behavior Change over time in the frequency with which specific genes occur within a breeding species – Natural selection Chance mutations Adaptations By-products – Exaptations Copyright 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Evolution of Behavior Evolutionary psychology – Branch of psychology that studies human behavior by asking what adaptive problems it may have solved for our early ancestors Copyright 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Making Connections in Psychology: Studying Electronic Social Interactions Copyright 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Studying Electronic Social Interactions World of electronic interaction provides a context for research in many subdisciplines of psychology – Social Networking Sites (SNSs) – E-mail – Texting Copyright 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
