Download History

Biopsychology: Bridge (Hybrid) Science
What is the nature of mind in a physical world ?
You see (having the conscious experience of) a green apple
in front of you. Mary, a neuroscientist, scans the relevant
visual areas of your brain, at the same time. But Mary
observes nothing that even resembles what you perceive.
These qualities of your conscious experience (so-called
qualia) cannot be found anywhere in your brain.
Lecture 1 : Historical Influences
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Descartes(1630) – Substance Dualism, interactionism (pineal gland)
Hobbes(1650) – Materialism, physicalism (monism) - ‘brain’
Locke(1670); – Empiricism, tabula rasa vs Kant(1780)Rationalism, nativism
Darwin(1860) - Evolution - continuity of species, genetics, natural selection
James(1900) - Functionalism (Darwinism, functions, adaptations)
Wundt (1879)- Structuralism (introspection)
Wertheimer(1930) - (Nativism) ‘Gestalt’= greater than sum of parts; emergent
Pavlov(1920) - Conditioning
Watson, Skinner(1920/30) - Behaviorism, environment, ‘Reward/Punishment’
Lorenz, Tinbergen(1920) - Ethology, evolutionary, ‘naturalistic’
Freud(1920) - unconscious; repression; psychoanalysis
Maslow, Rogers(1950/60) - ‘3rd Force’, humanistic, existential (“meaning”), selfactualization, personal authenticity (Zeitgeist)
• A. Cognitive science - mind, supervenience (phil.)/experimental (behavioral), AI
(hard/software), functionalism (Dennett, 1990).
• B. Neuroscience - brain: dualism vs. reductive materialism; identity-theory,
explanatory gap, experimental (behavioral), evolutionary.