Download Topic 20-Behavioral Adaptations to the Environment

Chapter 35
Behavioral Adaptations to the
Environment
PowerPoint Lectures for
Biology: Concepts and Connections, Fifth Edition
– Campbell, Reece, Taylor, and Simon
Lectures by Chris Romero
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Leaping Herds of Herbivores
• Impalas of the African savanna
–
Are very successful as a population, despite
heavy pressure from predators
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Impalas exhibit protective behaviors such as grouping
–
To protect from the numerous carnivores
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings
THE SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF BEHAVIOR
35.1 Behavioral ecologists ask both proximate and
ultimate questions
• Behavior
– Is everything an animal does and how it does
it
Figure 35.1
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Behavioral ecology
– Studies behavior in an evolutionary
context
• Behavioral ecologists
– Consider proximate questions, which
focus on the immediate causes of
behavior
– Consider ultimate questions, which focus
on the evolutionary causes of behavior
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Natural selection
– Preserves behaviors that enhance fitness
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings
35.2 Early behaviorists used experiments to
study fixed action patterns
• Lorenz and Tinbergen were the first to
demonstrate the importance of innate behavior
– Which is performed the same way by all
members of a species
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Fixed action patterns (FAPs)
–
Are innate behaviors that exhibit
unchangeable sequences
–
Ensure that activities essential to survival
are performed correctly without practice
Figure 35.2
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Sign stimuli
– Are simple cues that trigger fixed action
patterns
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings
35.3 Behavior is the result of both genes and
environmental factors
• Certain behaviors in prairie voles
–
Are under relatively strong genetic control
Figure 35.3A
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Studies have shown differences in oxytocin
(a hormone) receptors
– In the brains of female monogamous
prairie voles and promiscuous montane
voles
Figure 35.3B
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings
LEARNING
35.4 Learning ranges from simple behavioral
changes to complex problem solving
• Learning
–
Is a change in behavior resulting from
experience
Table 35.4
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Habituation
– Is learning to ignore a repeated,
unimportant stimulus
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings
35.5 Imprinting is learning that involves innate
behavior and experience
• Imprinting
–
Is irreversible learning limited to a sensitive
period
Figure 35.5A
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• For many kinds of birds
–
Imprinting plays a role in song development
Figure 35.5B
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings
CONNECTION
35.6 Imprinting poses problems and opportunities for
conservation programs
• Captive breeding programs for endangered species
–
Must provide proper imprinting models
Figure 35.6
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings
35.7 Animal movement may be a simple
response to stimuli or involve spatial learning
• A kinesis
– Is a random movement in response to a
stimulus
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• A taxis
– Is a more or less automatic movement
directed toward or away from a stimulus
Direction
of river
current
Figure 35.7A
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Spatial learning
–
Involves using landmarks to move through
the environment
–
Is more complex than kineses or taxes
Nest
1
No nest
Nest
2
Nest
Figure 35.7B
3
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings
No nest
35.8 Movements of animals may depend on
internal maps
• Cognitive maps
– Are internal representations of spatial
relationships of objects in the
surroundings
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Migratory animals may move between areas
– Using the sun, stars, landmarks, or other
cues
Paper
Ink pad
Figure 35.8
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Funnelshaped
cage
35.9 Animals may learn to associate a stimulus
or behavior with a response
• In associative learning
– An animal learns that a particular
stimulus or a particular response is
linked to a reward or punishment
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• In trial-and-error learning
–
An animal learns to associate one of its own
behavioral acts with a positive or negative
effect
Figure 35.9
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings
35.10 Social learning involves observation and
imitation of others
• Social learning involves changes in behavior
–
That result from the observation and
imitation of others
Figure 35.10
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings
35.11 Problem-solving behavior relies on
cognition
• Cognition is the ability of an animal’s nervous
system
– To perceive, store, process, and use
information
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Some animals exhibit problem-solving behavior
–
Which involves complex cognitive processes
Figure 35.11A, B
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings
FORAGING AND MATING BEHAVIORS
35.12 Behavioral ecologists use cost-benefit
analysis in studying foraging
• Foraging includes
– Identifying, obtaining, and eating food
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Some animals are generalists
–
Eating just about anything that is readily
available
Figure 35.12A
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Other animals are specialists
– Eating only specific available foods
Figure 35.12B
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Optimal foraging theory predicts that an
animal’s feeding behavior
– Will maximize energy gain and minimize
energy expenditure and risk
Figure 35.12C
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings
35.13 Mating behaviors enhance reproductive
success
• Mating systems may be
– Promiscuous, monogamous, or
polygamous
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• The needs of offspring and certainty of paternity
– Help explain differences in mating
systems and parental care by males
Figure 35.13
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings
35.14 Mating behavior often involves elaborate courtship
rituals
• Courtship rituals
–
Advertise the species, sex, and physical
condition of males
1
2
3
Figure 35.14A
4
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• In some species, courtship is a group activity
–
In which members of one or both sexes
choose mates from a group of candidates
Figure 35.14B
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings
SOCIAL BEHAVIOR AND SOCIOBIOLOGY
35.15 Sociobiology places social behavior in an
evolutionary context
• Sociobiology studies social behavior
– The interactions of two or more animals,
in an evolutionary sense
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings
35.16 Territorial behavior parcels space and
resources
• Animals exhibiting this behavior
–
Mark and defend their territories
Figure 35.16A, B
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings
35.17 Rituals involving agonistic behavior often
resolve confrontations between competitors
• Agonistic behavior, including threat, rituals, and
sometimes combat
–
Settles disputes over resources
Figure 35.17
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings
35.18 Dominance hierarchies are maintained by
agonistic behavior
• Dominance hierarchies
–
Partition resources among members of a
social group
Figure 35.18
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings
TALKING ABOUT SCIENCE
35.19 Behavioral biologist Jane Goodall
discusses dominance hierarchies and
reconciliation behavior in chimpanzees
Figure 35.19A
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Chimpanzees
– Exhibit dominance hierarchies and
reconciliation behavior
Figure 35.19B
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings
35.20 Social behavior requires communication
between animals
• Signaling in the form of sounds, scents, displays, or
touches
–
Provides communication needed for social
behavior
Figure 35.20A, B
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings
35.21 Altruistic acts can often be explained by the
concept of inclusive fitness
• Altruism is defined as behavior that reduces an
individual’s fitness
–
While increasing the fitness of others in the
population
Figure 35.21A
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Altruism can usually be explained by inclusive
fitness and kin selection
– An animal can propagate its own genes
by helping relatives reproduce
Figure 35.21B
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• In reciprocal altruism
– Individuals do favors that may later be
repaid
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings
CONNECTION
35.22 Both genes and culture contribute to
human social behavior
• Human behavior
– Has a genetic basis but is quite variable
– Is strongly influenced by learning and
culture
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Research has suggested that human partners
with similar interests
– Are more likely to have long, stable
relationships
Figure 35.22
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings
TALKING ABOUT SCIENCE
35.23 Edward O. Wilson promoted the field of
sociobiology and is a leading conservation activist
• According to sociobiologist Edward O. Wilson
–
Natural selection underlies many human
behaviors, including behaviors that have led
to our current biodiversity crisis
Figure 35.23
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings