Download Storage Ring Compton Light Sources DFELL, Triangle Universities Nuclear Laboratory

Storage Ring Compton Light Sources
Y. K. Wu
DFELL, Triangle Universities Nuclear Laboratory
Department of Physics, Duke University
March 2, 2010
Acknowledgment:
M. Busch, M. Emanian, J. Faircloth, S. Hartman, J. Li, S. Mikhailov, V. Popov,
G. Swift, P. Wang, P. Wallace (DFELL)
M. Ahmed, T. Clegg, H. Gao, C. Howell, H. Karwowski, J. Kelley, A. Tonchev,
W. Tornow, H. Weller (TUNL)
HIGS Collaborators
Work supported by U.S. Grant and Contract:
DOE DE-FG02-01ER41175 and AFOSR MFELFA9550-04-01-0086
DFELL, Duke University
48th ICFA Future Light Sources Workshop (FLS2010), SLAC
Y. K. Wu
Outline
Compton Gamma-ray Sources
A brief historical overview
Major Compton gamma-ray facilities
New projects
High Intensity Gamma-ray Source (HIGS)
Accelerator facility
Operation modes
Beam diagnostics
Optical resonator issues
High flux operation
Issues with Compton Light Sources: focus on Gamma-ray Source
Accelerators
Laser beams
Energy range
Impacts on LS operation due to Compton gamma-ray source
Y. K. Wu
History of Compton Light Sources
Early History
Early 1920's, Arthur Compton, Discovery of Compton Effect
A. H. Compton, Bulletin Nat. Res. Council (U.S.) 20, 19 (1922); Phys. Rev. 21, 483 (1923)
1963, Milburn, and Arutyunian and Tumanian, first proposed γ-beam production via Compton backscattering of photon with accelerator based high-energy electron beam
R. H. Milburn, Phys. Rev. Lett. 10, 75 (1963). F. R. Arutyunian and V. A. Tumanian, Phys. Lett. 4, 176
(1963).
1963 – 1965, the first Compton γ-ray beam experimental demonstrations,
– Kulikov et al.with a 600 MeV synchrotron
– Bemporad et al. with the 6.0 GeV Cambridge Electron Acclerator
O. F. Kulikov et al., Phys. Lett. 13, 344 (1964); C. Bemporad et al., Phys. Rev. B 138, 1546 (1965).
1967 – 1969, Ballam et al. with the 20 GeV Stanford linear Acclerator, first physics measurements
using Compton γ-ray beam to study the photo-production cross section (~GeVs) with a hydrogen
bubble chamber
J. J. Murray and P. R. Klein, SLAC Report No. SLAC-TN-67-19, unpublished (1967). J. Ballam et al., Phys. Rev. Lett.
23, 498 (1969).
DFELL, Duke University
48th ICFA Future Light Sources Workshop (FLS2010), SLAC
Y. K. Wu
History of Compton Light Sources
Major Compton Gamma Source Facilities (1970's – 1990's)
1978 – 1993, LADON, ADONE storage ring, Frascati, Italy
The first γ-ray Compton light source facility for nuclear physics research, by colliding electron beam
(1.5 GeV) inside a laser cavity. It produced polarized γ-ray beams up to 80 MeV with an on-target flux
of up to 5x10^5 s−1 for nuclear experiments.
L. Casano et al., Laser and Unconv. Opt. J. 55, 3 (1975).
G. Matone et al., Lect. Notes Phys. 62, 3 (1977).
L. Federici et al., Nuovo Cimento Lett. 27, 339 (1980).
L. Federici et al., Nuovo Cimento B 59, 247 (1980).
D. Babusci et al., Nucl. Instrum. Methods A 305, 19 (1991).
1987 – 2006, LEGS, NSLS x-ray ring, Brookhaven National Lab, US
A. M. Sandorfi et al., IEEE Trans.NS-30, 3083 (1984).
1993 – persent, ROKK-1/ROKK-2/ROKK-1M, Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics, Russia
G. Ya. Kezerashvili et al., Nucl. Instrum. Methods A. 328, 506 (1993).
G. Ya. Kezerashvili et al., AIP Conference Proceedings 343, 260 (1995).
G. Ya. Kezerashvili et al., Nucl. Instrum. Methods B. 145, 40 (1998).
1995 – 2008, GRAAL, ESRF storage ring, ESRF, Grenoble, France
A. A. Kazakov et al., JETP Lett. 40, 445 (1984).
1996 – present, HIγS, Duke FEL storage ring, Duke University, US
V. N. Litvinenko et al., Phys. Lett. 78, 4569 (1997).
1998 – present, LEPS, Spring-8 storage ring, Spring-8, Japan
T. Nakano et al., Nucl. Phys. A 629, 559c (1998). T. Nakano et al., Nucl. Phys. A 684, 71c (2001).
DFELL, Duke University
48th ICFA Future Light Sources Workshop (FLS2010), SLAC
Y. K. Wu
History of Compton Light Sources
H.R. Weller et al. Progress in Particle and Nuclear Physics 62, p. 257-303 (2009).
DFELL, Duke University
48th ICFA Future Light Sources Workshop (FLS2010), SLAC
Y. K. Wu
New Compton Source Projects
A Few New Compton Source Projects in Planning and Development
Shanghai Laser Electron Gamma Source (SLEGS), Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility
(SSRF)
– 3.5 GeV electron beam and a 500 W CO2 polarized laser
– An energy up to 22 MeV and a flux of 109-10γ/s
Q. Y. Pan et al., Synchrotron Radiation News, Volume 22, Issue 3, p. 11 (2009).
Compton Gamma Source Project at MAX-lab
– 3 GeV electron beam from the MAX IV storage ring to be built, up to 500 mA
– An ultraviolet (UV) laser beam
– The maximum gamma-ray energy around 500 MeV
– A tagged flux as high as a few times 107 γ/s
L. Isaksson, MAX-lab, Lund, Sweden, private communication (2009).
Laser-Electron Photon 2 (LEPS2), Spring-8
– For conducting research in the quark-nuclear physics
– Higher intensity and higher maximum energy compared with LEPS
– Expanded detector acceptance for a 4π γ-detector.
The LEPS2 website, www.hadron.jp; and the 2006 RCNP Annual Report, for example, www.rcnp.osakau.ac.jp/~annurep/2006/topics/yosoi.pd
DFELL, Duke University
48th ICFA Future Light Sources Workshop (FLS2010), SLAC
Y. K. Wu
Major Compton Gamma Source Facilities Around the World
MAX-Lab
ROKK
GRAAL
LEGS
HIGS
DFELL, Duke University
LADON
LEPS
SLEGS
48th ICFA Future Light Sources Workshop (FLS2010), SLAC
Y. K. Wu
A Storage Ring Compton Gamma Source
High Intensity Gamma-ray Source (HIGS)
at Duke University
DFELL, Duke University
48th ICFA Future Light Sources Workshop (FLS2010), SLAC
Y. K. Wu
HIGS Accelerators
High Intensity Gamma-ray Source (HIGS) Accelerators
Recent Accelerator Upgrades
New lattice for OK-5 FEL
New HOM-damped RF cavity
New OK-5 FEL with circular polarization
A New Booster synchrotron for top-off injection
Typical User Operation Modes
FEL: single-bunch, up to 95 mA
HIGS: two-bunch, 80 - 110 mA
DFELL, Duke University
48th ICFA Future Light Sources Workshop (FLS2010), SLAC
Y. K. Wu
HIGS Accelerators
OK-5 and OK-4 FELs (Since Aug. 2005)
OK-5 wigglers
e-beam
OK-5 helical wiggler, OK-5A
OK-4 Planar wigglers
OK-5 helical wiggler, OK-5B
OK-4 wigglers
20.15 m
DFELL, Duke University
48th ICFA Future Light Sources Workshop (FLS2010), SLAC
Y. K. Wu
HIGS Research
Operation Principle of HIGS
52.8 m
DFELL, Duke University
48th ICFA Future Light Sources Workshop (FLS2010), SLAC
Y. K. Wu
HIGS Research
Operation Modes of HIGS
Operation Modes of HIGS
Qusi-CW operation vs Pulsed
High-flux vs high energy resolution
FWHM
DFELL, Duke University
48th ICFA Future Light Sources Workshop (FLS2010), SLAC
Y. K. Wu
HIGS Research
High Energy-Resolution Operation
Asymmetric Bunch Pattern: one large (lasing) and one small (non-lasing)
Improving stability of gamma energy resolution and increase flux
Develop a reliable way to measure bunch pattern, and
An automatic injection scheme to maintain charge distribution
DFELL, Duke University
48th ICFA Future Light Sources Workshop (FLS2010), SLAC
Y. K. Wu
Beam Diagnostics/Feedback
Electron/Photon Collision Angle Monitor
DFELL, Duke University
48th ICFA Future Light Sources Workshop (FLS2010), SLAC
Y. K. Wu
Beam Diagnostics/Feedback
Bunch Length and FEL Spectrum Monitors
Beam Diagnostics
Live Spectrum Monitor
Live bunch length monitors
349 MeV, 27 mA
DFELL, Duke University
48th ICFA Future Light Sources Workshop (FLS2010), SLAC
Y. K. Wu
Beam Diagnostics/Feedback
Bunch-by-bunch Longitudinal Feedback
Providing bunch-by-bunch damping of longitudinal instabilities
LFB BPM
iGp-64F Digital signal
processing system
MILMEGA 200 W
Power amplifier
Feed through
With
.
Nose cone
Beam pipe
DFELL, Duke University
Pill-box cavity
Commissioned for User Operation (Oct., 2008)
Part of Ph.D. thesis work of Wenzhong Wu
Y. K. Wu
48th ICFA Future Light Sources Workshop (FLS2010), SLAC
Beam Diagnostics/Feedback
LFB Stabilizing Longitudinal Motion
Synchrotron sidebands
Synchrotron sidebands?
DFELL, Duke University
LFB
OFF
LFB
ON
574
MeV,
4-bunch,
mA
574
MeV,
4-bunch,
1515
mA
Part of Ph.D. thesis work of Wenzhong Wu
Y. K. Wu
48th ICFA Future Light Sources Workshop (FLS2010), SLAC
Beam Diagnostics/Feedback
In-cavity Aperture System for High Current Operation
Electron Beam
Mirror
WIG01
WIG02
6.72 m
Lw = 4 m
WIG03
6.72 m
6.72 m
Aperture
Mirror
16.54 m
4.58 m
Collision
Point
DFELL, Duke University
WIG03
22.29 m
Part of Ph.D. thesis work of Senlin Huang
NIM A 606, p. 762 (2009).
Y. K. Wu
48th ICFA Future Light Sources Workshop (FLS2010), SLAC
Beam Diagnostics/Feedback
Correcting Mirror Deformation
45 MeV Setup with OK-5 FEL
DFELL, Duke University
48th ICFA Future Light Sources Workshop (FLS2010), SLAC
Y. K. Wu
HIGS Summary
Stability of Gamma Operation in Electron Loss Mode
Current
Current
Gamma flux
Gamma flux
with closed apertures
DFELL, Duke University
48th ICFA Future Light Sources Workshop (FLS2010), SLAC
Y. K. Wu
High-Finesse FEL Resonator
High Reflectivity FEL Mirrors
780 nm Mirrors
Minimal round-trip loss: ~ 0.107%
Finesse @ Low power ~ 3,000
Effective: R ~ 99.95%
Kicker firing
761 nm, Loss ~0.00107
DFELL, Duke University
48th ICFA Future Light Sources Workshop (FLS2010), SLAC
Y. K. Wu
High-Finesse FEL Resonator
High Reflectivity FEL Mirrors
Mirror degradation
Carbon deposition on the surface
Vertical
Horizontal
780 nm, CCV020, downstream cavity mirror, D=50 mm
DFELL, Duke University
48th ICFA Future Light Sources Workshop (FLS2010), SLAC
Y. K. Wu
Intracavity FEL Power Measurement
Experimental Layout
Ebeam: 514 MeV, about 88 mA in two equally populated bunches
FEL beam λ = 545 nm;
Gamma-beam collimator: d = 0.75”
Collimated (d=3/4”),
γ-beam image
Collimated flux: 3.68%
12m
DFELL, Duke University
48th ICFA Future Light Sources Workshop (FLS2010), SLAC
Y. K. Wu
Intracavity FEL Power Measurement
Intracavity FEL Power Measurements: γ-Spectrum
Ebeam: 514 MeV, about 88 mA in two equally populated bunches
FEL beam λ = 545 nm;
Gamma-beam collimator: d = 0.75”
C. Sun et al. NIMA 605, p 312(2009)
Avg Flux Density from
11B at 8.916 MeV
True γ-spectrum
11B
data: Pb = 800 (+/-100) W, PFEL = 1.6 kW (+/- 0.2 kW)
DFELL, Duke University
48th ICFA Future Light Sources Workshop (FLS2010), SLAC
Y. K. Wu
Intracavity FEL Power Measurement
Intracavity FEL Power Measurements
Ebeam: 514 MeV; FEL beam λ = 545 nm; Collimator: d = 0.75”
HPGe data
Preliminary Results: HPGe data
DFELL, Duke University
48th ICFA Future Light Sources Workshop (FLS2010), SLAC
Y. K. Wu
Gamma Energy Tuning Range with OK-5 FEL (3.5 kA)
DFELL, Duke University
48th ICFA Future Light Sources Workshop (FLS2010), SLAC
Y. K. Wu
Highest Total Flux (2009): > 1010 γ/s @ 9 – 11 MeV
DFELL, Duke University
48th ICFA Future Light
H. R. Weller et al., “Research Opportunities at the Upgraded HIγS Facility,”
Prog. Part. Nucl. Phys. Vol 62, Issue 1, p. 257-303 (2009).
Y. K. Wu
Sources Workshop (FLS2010), SLAC
Nuclear Physics and Astrophysics
Nuclear Physics and Astrophysics Research at HIGS
Nuclear Structure
Few-Nucleon Physics
Astro-physics
Gerasimov-Drell-Hearn (GDH) Sum Rule
Compton Scattering from Nucleons
Photon-Pion Physics
DFELL, Duke University
48th ICFA Future Light
HIGS
H. R. Weller et al., “Research Opportunities at the Upgraded HIγS Facility,”
Prog. Part. Nucl. Phys. Vol 62, Issue 1, p. 257-303 (2009).
Y. K. Wu
Sources Workshop (FLS2010), SLAC
Accelerators for Compton Light Sources
Advantages of storage rings
– High repetition rate
– Orbit stability and beam stability (at higher energies)
– Adequate ebeam emittance and energy spread
– Known technologies
– Powering a high average flux Compton source
Other Accelerators
– Warm temperature Linacs:
• Low rep-rate pulsed operation
• Expensive laser
• Less stable
• Powering a high peak flux source
– Super-conducting linac (e.g. ERL)
• High rep-rate
• Costly
• Less mature technology
• A potential driver for very high average flux source
DFELL, Duke University
48th ICFA Future Light Sources Workshop (FLS2010), SLAC
Y. K. Wu
–
–
–
–
–
Tuneable wavelength => a large Compton photon energy range
Self-synchronization and self alignment
Complex and Expensive
High intracavity power
Driver for a versatile, high-flux Compton source for a wide range of research
programs
External Lasers
– Ti:sapphire m TW lasers, low reprate, time syn, low stability, costly
– CW lasers
–
–
–
Laser Cavities
– Used in LADON project (low finesse)
– High finesse Fabry-Perot cavity
• DC laser with high finesse
– JLAB, Compton polarimeter, 1064 nm, finesse 30,000, 1.6
kW
• CW pulsed laser
V. Brisson, e t al. Nucl. I nstrum. Meth. A 608(2009)S75–S77
– Laboratoire de l’Acce´le´rateur Line´aire, C.N.R.S./IN2P3,
DFELL, Duke University 48th ICFA Future Orsay,
Y. K. Wu
Light Sources
France Workshop (FLS2010), SLAC
– Ti:sapph, 76 MHz, 1 ps, finesse 30,000
–
–
–
–
–
–
0.1 eV photons, 10 – 100 keV x-rays, e-beam: 80 – 250 MeV;
1eV photons, 10 – 100 keV x-rays, e-beam: 25 – 80 MeV;
E-beam, 2 GeV, 0.1 eV photons, γ-ray: 6 MeV
E-beam, 2 GeV, 1 eV photons, γ-ray: 60 MeV
E-beam, 3 GeV, 0.1 eV photons, γ-ray: 14 MeV
E-beam, 3 GeV, 1 eV photons, γ-ray: 140 MeV
Figure of Merits for Gamma-ray Beams:
– Brightness is no longer a good figure of merit for gamma-ray beam
– New merits: flux (γ/s), spectral flux (γ/s/eV, avg, peak), relative energy spread
(FWHM)
Compton X-ray Source Driven by a Storage Ring
– Don Ruth, SLAC, www.lynceantech.com.
– Next talk: “Experience with the Compact light source”
DFELL, Duke University
48th ICFA Future Light Sources Workshop (FLS2010), SLAC
Y. K. Wu
Critical Issues for Storage Ring Compton Gamma Sources
Impact On the Storage Ring Light Source when
Operating Compton Gamma Source as an Optical Insertion Device (OID)
Effect of Electron Loss
When Compton scattered electron loses more energy than allowed by the energy aperture (smaller of energy
dynamic aperture and energy acceptance limited by RF/vacuum chambers).
Two strategies:
– “Hide” loss among beam lifetime
• Electron-loss mode operation (Energy loss > Aperture)
• Good for higher energy gamma operation
• Limited flux: 10^6 – few 10^7 γ/s
• Gamma-ray energy determination: Tagging of electrons
– Prevent electron loss
• No-loss mode (Energy loss < Aperture)
• Good for lower energy gamma operation
• High flux possible (greater than 10^9 γ/s)
• Gamma-ray energy selection: Collimation of gamma-beam
Impact on Electron Beam Parameters
– An issue with extremely high flux operation
– Impact on e-beam energy and longitudinal distributions
– (estimates using damping wiggler model; need real simulation)
– Impact on transverse beam distribution (emittance)
DFELL, Duke University
48th ICFA Future Light Sources Workshop (FLS2010), SLAC
Y. K. Wu
–
–
–
–
High gamma beam energies <=> User research programs
Additional flux limitation due to tagging rate, 10^5 – 10^6 e-/s per tagging channel
High efficincy: tagging a large amount of Compton gamma-rays: 30% - 60%
Energy resolution as limited by the absolute energy spread of the e-beam
• Example: 3 GeV e-beam, 0.1% (sigmaE), 150 MeV gamma-ray
• dE (FWHM) = 7.1 MeV; dE/E (γ,FWHM) = 5%;
– Reliability of tagging signal at high rates
Collimation
– Low gamma beam energies <=> User research programs
– If OID, fixed gamma energy with a fixed e-beam energy; how to vary gamma energy?
– Potentially very high flux
– Low efficiency: collimation selects only a few percent Compton gamma-rays
– Challenge in high precision flux measurement (pileups, scattering, secondary particles, etc)
– Energy spread issues: collimation effect, e-beam energy spread, emittance effect
• Long beamline
• Good e-beam aiming stability
• Example: 3 GeV e-beam, ~5% γ-beam energy spread (FWHM)
– Half opening angle: 30 micro-radians
– If collimator aperture r = 3 mm, beamline length ~ 100 m;
– Stability of ebeam aiming; a few micro-radians
DFELL, Duke University
48th ICFA Future Light Sources Workshop (FLS2010), SLAC
Y. K. Wu
Energy Spread of γ-beam
Energy Distribution of Compton Gamma-beam
E-beam
Energy
Spread
(Scaled)
Collimator
Effect
(Scaled)
Emittance
Effect
(Scaled)
Collimator
Effect
Monochromatic
electron
and Effect
photon
beams
New Merit:
Degree of Collimation
DFELL, Duke University
Part of Ph.D. thesis work of Changchun Sun
Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams 12, 062801 (2009)
Y. K. Wu
48th ICFA Future Light Sources Workshop (FLS2010), SLAC
Industrial and Medical Applications
Compton Gamma-beam Imaging at HIGS
DFELL, Duke University
Polarization Effect: Linear vs Circular
22.5 MeV Gamma-beam
680 MeV-ebeam, 378 nm FEL, 27 m from collision
48th ICFA Future Light Sources Workshop (FLS2010), SLAC
Y. K. Wu
Industrial and Medical Applications
Compton Gamma-beam Imaging at HIGS
Imager Resolution Test with a bar phantom test and 2.75 MeV gamma-beam
DFELL, Duke University
48th ICFA Future Light Sources Workshop (FLS2010), SLAC
Y. K. Wu
Industrial and Medical Applications
Compton Gamma-beam Radiograph
DFELL, Duke University
48th ICFA Future Light Sources Workshop (FLS2010), SLAC
Y. K. Wu
The End
DFELL, Duke University
48th ICFA Future Light Sources Workshop (FLS2010), SLAC
Y. K. Wu
1 MeV Gamma-beam
High Resolution Mode:
DFELL, Duke University
48th ICFA Future Light Sources Workshop (FLS2010), SLAC
Y. K. Wu
Switch-yard for OK-4 and OK-5 Wigglers
Photon-pion physics
150 – 160 MeV operation with the OK-5 FEL lasing around 150 nm
DFELL, Duke University
48th ICFA Future Light Sources Workshop (FLS2010), SLAC
Y. K. Wu
Summary
High Intensity Gamma-ray Source Development and User Research
An Overview of HIGS Accelerator Facility and Development Program:
Accelerator Physics and FEL Research
An Overview of HIGS User Research Program: Nuclear Physics Program
HIGS Capabilities (2009)
Energy Tuning: 1 - 100 MeV
Maximum Total Flux: > 1010 γ/s around 9 - 10 MeV
Maximum Spectrum Flux: : ~ 103 γ/s/eV around 5 - 10 MeV
High Energy Resolution: 0.8% (< = 5 MeV)
Polarization: linear, and switchable left- and right-circular
HIGS Near-Term Development
Higher Gamma-beam Energy: 100 - 160 MeV for photon-pion physics research
Higher Flux Operation: 1011 γ/s total below 20 MeV
DFELL, Duke University
48th ICFA Future Light Sources Workshop (FLS2010), SLAC
Y. K. Wu
HIGS Operation Summary (Aug. 1, 2008 – Jul . 31, 2009)
HIGS beam-on-target: 1584 hr
DFELL, Duke University
48th ICFA Future Light Sources Workshop (FLS2010), SLAC
Y. K. Wu
DFELL, Duke University
48th ICFA Future Light Sources Workshop (FLS2010), SLAC
Y. K. Wu
DFELL, Duke University
48th ICFA Future Light Sources Workshop (FLS2010), SLAC
Y. K. Wu
Industrial and Medical Applications
Compton Gamma-beam Imaging
AIST, Tsukaba,
Ibaraki, Japan
Radiograph
TH571A Tetrode tube
H. Toyokawa, NIM A545, p. 469 (2005)
DFELL, Duke University
48th
Sample CT images using 10 MeV LCS photon beam
Y. K. Wu
ICFA Future Light Sources Workshop (FLS2010), SLAC
High-Finesse FEL Resonator
High Reflectivity FEL Mirrors
High Reflectivity Mirrors (1060 – 520 nm)
Spec: R > 99.95%
Example: transmission 15 ppm @ 780 nm (Vendor measurement)
General Optics, GSI (2008)
Tmin ~ 0.0015%
DFELL, Duke University
48th ICFA Future Light Sources Workshop (FLS2010), SLAC
Y. K. Wu
Intracavity FEL Power Measurement
Intracavity
FEL
Power
Measurements
Ebeam: 514
MeV;
FEL beam
λ = 545 nm; Collimator: d = 0.75”
HPGe data
Preliminary Results: HPGe data
DFELL, Duke University
48th ICFA Future Light Sources Workshop (FLS2010), SLAC
Y. K. Wu
Industrial and Medical Applications
Radiation Therapy and Diagnostics
Radioisotopes
Cancer treatment: 1012 – 1014 g/s
Diagnostic: 1012 g/s
15 MeV Compton g-beam
g-beam from 15 MeV Linac
K. J. Weeks., NIM A393 (1997) p. 544-547.
DFELL, Duke University
48th ICFA Future Light Sources Workshop (FLS2010), SLAC
Y. K. Wu
Industrial and Medical Applications
Radiation Therapy and Diagnostics
Radiation Dose for Cancer Treatment
A solid epithelial tumor ranges: 60 - 80 Gy
Lymphoma tumor: 20 – 40 Gy
B Girolami et al. Phys. Med. Biol._v41, p1581(1996).
DFELL, Duke University
48th ICFA Future Light Sources Workshop (FLS2010), SLAC
Y. K. Wu
DFELL, Duke University
48th ICFA Future Light Sources Workshop (FLS2010), SLAC
Y. K. Wu