Download Optics Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow

"The
time has come,' the Walrus said,
"To talk of many things:
Of shoes -- and ships -- and sealing-wax -Of cabbages -- and kings -And why the sea is boiling hot --
And whether pigs have wings.'
L.Carroll. Through the Looking - Glass
and What Alice Found There
MODERN OPTICS
(OPTICS YESTERDAY, TODAY AND TOMORROW)
What is optics
Subdivisions
Modern laser-based optical physics
Applications
Optics over the centuries
Alexander Popov
Visible range
The Wavelengths of Visible Radiation:
From   700 nm (7 ·10 -5 cm, red light)
to   400 nm (4 ·10 -5 cm, violet).
Optical Electro-Magnetic Radiation:
(sub-millimeter) 10 -3 cm    10 -8 cm (x-rays).
The speed of light in a vacuum is a fundamental physical
constant c=299,792,458 metres per second, or about
186,282 miles per second (299,792 kilometres per second).
OPTICS
is a science concerned with the genesis
and propagation of light, the changes
it undergoes and produces, and
other phenomena closely associated with it.
Major branches:

physiological optics

geometrical optics

instrumental optics

physical optics
One cannot find a thing
so small that it couldn’t
embrace an even smaller
thing.
Koz’ma Prutkov
(Physical) OPTICS (Optos,Optike)
Physiological
Computational
Photometry
Quasi-optics
Super Strong Fields
Laser Spectroscopy
Raman
Geometrical
Wave
Nonlinear
Crystal
Electro-optics
Metal
Magneto-optics
Quantum
Spectroscopy
Nonlinear Spectroscopy
Scattering
Analytical
Absorption
Fluorescent
Mand.-Brilluen
Opto-acoustical
Photo-ionization
I order: ‘Don’t write
unauthorized
words on the stove!’
M. Bulgakov
Optics (applications)
Physiological
Photometry
Geometrical
Wave
Quantum
LASERS
Illumination
Shows
Design
•High-resolution devices
•Holography
•Interferometers
•Diffraction devices
•Polarimeters
•Nephelometers
(fluctuations,
inhomogeneities)
Nonlinear
Optics
•Photo-detectors
•Photodiodes
•Electro-optical
converters
•Телевидение
•Solar Batteries
Spectroscopy
•Nuclear
•Atomic
•Molecular
•Plasma
•Solids
•Analytical
Very diverse and contradictory
gossip circulates about those
territories cut from the World
and administrative influence.
Arkady and Boris Strugatsky
WHY LASERS?
Coherent, super-high-frequency EM radiation
focused in:
 spectral interval / ~ 10-15 (monochromatic);
 solid angle  (targeted emission) ~(/D)2 ~ 10-15;
 spot A ~ ()2 and volume V ~()3 ~ 10-15 cm -3 (focusing);
 time interval  ~ 2/ ~ 10-15 s
 E (Q/A)1/2
Fantasies need details …
M. Svetlov
Formula E...
E(t, z) =  j Aj cos(j t – kj z),
E = ½  j [Aj exp(ij t + kj z) + k.c.]
P (L) (t, z) = (1)· E (t, z), P = P (L) + P (NL) .
P (NL) (t, z) = (1) · E (t, z) + (2) · E2 (t, z)
+ (3) · E3 (t, z) + …= (E) · E
cos2x = ½(1 + cos 2x),
cos3x = ¼ (3cos x + cos 3x).
Physics would be dull and life most
unfulfilling if all physical phenomena
around us were linear. Fortunately,
we are living in nonlinear world.
While linearization beautifies physics,
nonlinearly provides excitement in
physics.
Y.R. Shen. Principles of Nonlinear
Optics.
Nonlinear Optics
Coherent Processes
Harmonics Generation,
Frequency-mixing,
Wave-surface Correction,
Image Restoration
Incoherent Processes
Nonlinear
Absorption
Multi-photon
Absorption,
Emission, and
Spectroscopy
Nonlinear
Refraction
Self-focusing
Self-defocusing,
Self-action
…On absolutely absurd,
definitely impossible,
and unavailing.
R. Kipling
WHY LASERS?
Coherent, super-high-frequency EM radiation
focused in:
 spectral interval / ~ 10-15 (monochromatic);
 solid angle  (targeted emission) ~(/D)2 ~ 10-15;
 spot A ~ ()2 and volume V ~()3 ~ 10-15 cm -3 (focusing);
 time interval  ~ 2/ ~ 10-15 s
 E (Q/A)1/2
LASER APPLICATIONS
•BIOLOGY, MEDICINE, PHOTOCHEMISTRY
•ISOTOPE SEPARATION, THERMO-NUCLEAR FUSION
•OPTO-ELECTRONICS, INTEGRATED OPTICS
•OPTICAL MEMORY AND DATA STORAGE (RAM and ROM)
•ALL-OPTICAL AND QUANTUM COMPUTERS
•ADAPTIVE OPTICS and WAVE–FRONT CONJUGATION
•OPTICAL (FIBEROPTICAL) NETWORKING
•RANGE-FINDING, LIDARS, REMOTE SENSING
•MATERIAL PROCESSING, MICRO&NANO TECHNOLOGIES
If you obtain “-i” while
solving a problem,don’t
be frustrated. Just
multiply it by “i”.
Students’ folklore
5000-0 B.C. (The Ancients)
Mesopotamia
Egypt, India
5000 B.C.
Euclid
325-265 B.C.
Pythagoras
Rectilinear
Propagation,
The Law of Reflection
(Catoptrics)
570-500 B.C.
Plato
427-347 B.C.
Aristotle
384-322 B.C.
1200-1650
Image Formation
(Empirical Rules)
Spectacles
13 century
Descartes, Fermat
(France)
1637
(Medieval)
Refraction
Law
(Dioptrics)
Snell
(Holland)
1621
Two-lens
Microscope
Hans Jansen
(Holland)
1590-1608
Telescopes
Galileo Galilei
(Italy)
1609
1650-1850
Huygens
(Holland)
Wave Concept
Introduced
Acoustics
1629-1695
Newton
(England)
Corpuscular
Concept
1643-1727
Interference
Diffraction
Dispersion
Speed of Light
(Wave Optics)
Fresnel (France)
1788-1827
Young (England)
1801
Wave Concept
Established
Roemer
(Denmark)
Velocity
of Light
1676
Grimaldi
(Italy)
Diffraction
1665
Bartholin
(Denmark)
Double
Refraction
1669
1850-1900
Lebedev (Russia)
Light pressure
(Direct Measurement)
1899
Lorentz (Holland)
Explanation
1897
Zeeman (Holland)
Splitting
1896
Drude (Germany)
Helmholtz (Germany)
Lorentz (Holland)
Atoms-Oscillators
1896
Herz (Germany)
(v=с) 1888
Electro-magnetic
Theory of Light
And Electron Theory
Its Interaction
With a Matter
Кunge (Germany)
Interrelation between
Absorption and
Dispersion
1872
Faraday (England)
Concept of Field,
Polarization Rotation
In Magnetic Field
1848
Maxwell (Scotland)
Equations of
EM Field
1864
L’Rau (France)
Аnomalous Dispersion
dn / d  0
1862
Rayleigh (England)
Scattering
by Oscillators
1871
Selmeire (Germany)
Oscillators in EMF
1872
1905
Einstein
Special Principle of Relativity
Young, Fresnel, Arago,
Fizeau, Lorentz
Theory of the Aether
Michelson, Morley
(Germany, USA)
1881, 1887
Classical Theory Completed
Vavilov, Cherenkov,
Frank, Tamm (USSR)
1937
Gabor (Hungary) 1948
Denisyuk (USSR) 1962
Holography
Planck (1900)
Einstein (1905 , 1917)
Quantum Theory of Light
EXPERIMENTS EXPLAINED:
Stokes (England)
Red Shift of the
Scattered Light
1850
Hertz (Germany)
Stoletov (Russia)
Photoeffect
1887-1888
Compton (USA)
Red Threshold
for the Shift of the
Scattered X-Rays
1922
Mandelstamm, Landsberg (USSR)
Raman (India)
Raman Scattering
1928
OPTICS GAVE RISE TO:
Quantum Theory of Matter (1913 - 1930)
Bohr (1913)
(Denmark)
Born, Heisenberg
(Germany)
Schroedinger (1926)
(Austria)
Dirac
(England)
Pauli
(Austria)
Landau, Fock
(USSR)
Fermi
(Italy, USA)
Discovery of Quantum Generators of EM
Radiation, Appearance of Laser Physics,
Nonlinear Optics, Optoelectronics, Photonics
1953-1955 Basov, Prokhorov, Townes
Masers
Fabrikant (USSR) …
Maiman (USA)
Solid-State Laser
1960
Lasers
Javan (USA)
Gas Laser
1961
Franken (USA)
Frequency Doubling
1961
Nonlinear Optics
Rev. in opt
Find out what you most of all
like to do in your life.
And then do it!
Unkown thinker.
I think all that is very simple.
E. Rutherford
www.britanica
http://search.britannica.com/search?adv
Optics, light, electromagnetic radiation.