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Super-resolution optical microscopy
based on photonic crystal materials
Mickaël Guillaumée
Introduction: Optical Microscopy and Diffraction Limit
• Resolution limit of an imaging system:
D
0.61 0.61

n sin  keff //
• High NA : immersion objectives
• Limit: small range of transparent materials with high n
• Near Field Optical Microscopy: collection of evanescent waves (high k//) in
close proximity to the studied sample
• Really high resolution but very slow and not convenient
=> Necessity to find a Far-field technique for nanometre scale
resolution microscopy
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Imaging through Photonic Crystal Space
• Principle:
Test object
Fourier Transform (FT)
k space collected by
the objective
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Imaging through Photonic Crystal Space
• Principle:
Test object
Fourier Transform (FT)
Inverse FT of the
area inside the circle
k space collected by
the objective
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Imaging through Photonic Crystal Space
• Principle:
Test object
Fourier Transform (FT)
K
k spaces with integer
number of K are equivalent
N. Le Thomas, R. Houdré et al. Grating-assisted superresolution of slow waves in Fourier space, Physical Review B, 76,
035103 2007
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Imaging through Photonic Crystal Space
• Principle:
Test object
Fourier Transform (FT)
Inverse FT of the area
inside the circles
K
k spaces with integer
number of K are equivalent
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Imaging through Photonic Crystal Space
• When spatial filtering with photonic crystal can be considered valid?
• Bloch wave:
First Brillouin zone wave vector
Inverse lattice wave vectors
• Necessity to get
constant to get high spatial frequencies:
=> Achieved for high modulation of RIX
B. Lombardet, L. A. Dunbar, R. Ferrini, and R. Houdré. Fourier
analysis of Bloch wave propagation in photonic crystals, J. Opt.
Soc. Am. B, 22, 1179, 2005
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From theory to experiment…
• Need for far field imaging: transfer high spatial frequency in free space
=> Image magnification above the diffraction limit should be produced by the
photonic crystal based microscope
• Curved photonic crystal boundary as a magnifying lens:
=> Challenging because refraction highly dependent on frequency and
propagation direction
• Solution: reflecting optics
=> Curvature of the boundary in order to get a magnified image
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Experimental procedure: surface polaritonic crystal
• 2D photonic crystal material replaced by surface polaritonic crystal:
Surface Plasmon Polariton (SPP) wave surface wave propagating at an
interface metal/dielectric
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Experimental procedure: surface polaritonic crystal
• 2D photonic crystal material replaced by surface polaritonic crystal:
Surface Plasmon Polariton (SPP) wave surface wave propagating at an
interface metal/dielectric
Excitation by a periodic structure :
K
C. Genet and T. W. Ebbesen. Light in tiny holes, Nature 445, 39, 2007
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Photonic crystal and SPP: historical information
• Full photonic Band Gap observed for the first time in the visible with SPP
Kitsen, Barnes and Sambles. Full Photonic Band Gap for Surface Modes in the Visible, Physical Review Letters, 77, 2670, 1996
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Experimental procedure
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Experimental procedure
1. Propagation of “SPP Bloch waves” with right excitation condition
2. Reflection on a glycerin droplet boundary acting as an efficient magnifying
mirror (high neff)
3. Image formation at the exit of the “SPP crystal lens” (after the nanohole
array)
4. Scattering of light into free space due to surface roughness (higher in the
image formation area)
5. Collection with a regular microscope
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Experimental results
• High resolution but distortion of the image (image magnification depend on
the object position with respect to the mirror
100nm hole diameter, 40nm distance between hole edges, 500nm period
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Experimental results: biological application
T4 phage virus:
200nm long,
80nm wide
T4 phage virus
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Conclusion
• Interesting scientific concept
• Technique has to be improved:
• Image distortion in that configuration
• Control of the mirror
• No theoretical prediction of the microscope resolution
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Thank you for your attention.