Download RocksMineralMixtures

What is a Mineral?
•Natural,
inorganic solid
with a crystal
structure.
Halite Crystal (NaCl)
© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 8th Grade
Unit 3 : Chapter 15 : Section 1
Types of Minerals
•Minerals are
grouped by the
chemicals in them
Muscovite
crystal under
microscope
© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 8th Grade
•Silicate minerals
contain silicon
and oxygen.
Unit 3 : Chapter 15 : Section 1
Silicate Minerals
Muscovite
crystal under
microscope
© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 8th Grade
•Over 90% of
the minerals in
Earth’s crust
are silicates.
Unit 3 : Chapter 15 : Section 1
Nonsilicate Minerals
•Nonsilicates
are minerals
that do not
contain silicon.
Calcite (CaCO3)
© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 8th Grade
Unit 3 : Chapter 15 : Section 1
Nonsilicate Minerals
Calcite (CaCO3)
© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 8th Grade
•Nonsilicates
are made of
elements such
as carbon,
oxygen, iron
and sulfur
Unit 3 : Chapter 15 : Section 1
Nonsilicate Minerals
Calcite (CaCO3)
© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 8th Grade
•Carbonates,
such as calcite,
are used in
cement, building
stone, and
fireworks.
Carbonates
contain carbon
and oxygen.
Unit 3 : Chapter 15 : Section 1
Nonsilicate Minerals
Halite (NaCl)
© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 8th Grade
•Halide minerals
are used in
fertilizer, or to
season your food.
Halides contain a
halogen, such as
chlorine, bromine,
and iodine.
Unit 3 : Chapter 15 : Section 1
Nonsilicate Minerals
Corundum (Al2O3)
© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 8th Grade
•Oxide minerals
are used to make
abrasives and
aircraft parts. All
oxides contain
three atoms of
oxygen.
Unit 3 : Chapter 15 : Section 1
Nonsilicate Minerals
Gypsum (CaSO4•2H2O)
© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 8th Grade
•Sulfates are
used in
cosmetics,
toothpaste, and
paint. All
sulfates contain
sulfur and
oxygen.
Unit 3 : Chapter 15 : Section 1
Nonsilicate Minerals
• Sulfides – All minerals in the sulfide group
contain sulfur and a metal.
• Native elements – All minerals in this
group are found on the periodic table.
© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 8th Grade
Unit A : Chapter 1 : Section 1
Identifying Minerals
•Geologists use physical properties
such as color, luster, streak, and
many others to identify minerals
© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 8th Grade
Unit 3 : Chapter 15 : Section 1
Identifying Minerals
•Quartz and
amethyst are both
SiO2, but amethyst
contains impurities
that give it a purple
Quartz/Amethyst
color.
Scepter (SiO2)
© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 8th Grade
Unit 3 : Chapter 15 : Section 1
Identifying Minerals
•Because a single
mineral can be
many colors, color
is not a reliable
way to identify a
Quartz/Amethyst
mineral.
Scepter (SiO2)
© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 8th Grade
Unit 3 : Chapter 15 : Section 1
Identifying Minerals
Galena (PbS)Metallic Luster
© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 8th Grade
•The way the
surface of a
mineral
reflects light is
called luster
Unit 3 : Chapter 15 : Section 1
Identifying Minerals
•Bauxite, the ore
of aluminum, has
a nonmetallic
luster
Bauxite (Al2O3•2H2O)Earthy Luster
© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 8th Grade
Unit 3 : Chapter 15 : Section 1
Identifying Minerals
•Streak is
the color of a
mineral in
powdered
form
© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 8th Grade
Unit 3 : Chapter 15 : Section 1
Identifying Minerals
•Hematite’s
color may
change, but
its streak is
always the
same
© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 8th Grade
Unit 3 : Chapter 15 : Section 1
Identifying Minerals
•Fluorite, halite, and
calcite all have
cleavage along flat
Cleavage Planes
© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 8th Grade
planes. Property of a
mineral that allows it to
break along smooth, flat
planes is its cleavage.
Unit 3 : Chapter 15 : Section 1
Identifying Minerals
•Sulfur has
fracture,
meaning it
breaks
unevenly
Fracture
© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 8th Grade
Unit 3 : Chapter 15 : Section 1
Identifying Minerals
•A mineral’s
resistance to
scratching it is
called hardness
© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 8th Grade
Unit 3 : Chapter 15 : Section 1
Identifying Minerals
•Hardness is
measured using
Mohs’ hardness
scale
© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 8th Grade
Unit 3 : Chapter 15 : Section 1
Identifying Minerals
•Density is
another
property used
to identify
minerals
© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 8th Grade
Unit 3 : Chapter 15 : Section 1
Identifying Minerals
•More ping-pong
balls than golf
balls are needed
to balance the
scale
© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 8th Grade
Unit 3 : Chapter 15 : Section 1
Identifying Minerals
•Which are
more dense,
golf balls or
ping-pong
balls?
© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 8th Grade
Unit 3 : Chapter 15 : Section 1
From Minerals to Rocks
Minerals of Granite
© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 8th Grade
•Rock is a
solid mixture
of crystals of
one or more
minerals
Unit 3 : Chapter 15 : Section 1
From Minerals to Rocks
Coal
Limestone
•Some types of rock, such as
coal and limestone are made of
organic materials, not minerals
© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 8th Grade
Unit 3 : Chapter 15 : Section 1
The Rock Cycle
•The rock cycle
is the continuous
process by which
new rock is
formed from old
rock material
© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 8th Grade
Unit 3 : Chapter 15 : Section 1
The Rock Cycle
•Each type of
rock can be
changed into
every other type
of rock
© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 8th Grade
Unit 3 : Chapter 15 : Section 1
The Rock Cycle
© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 8th Grade
Unit 3 : Chapter 15 : Section 1
Igneous: Rock From Magma
What Do You Think?
What are some positive and some
negative effects that volcanoes have on
the people and places around them?
© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 8th Grade
Unit 3 : Chapter 15 : Section 2
Igneous: Rock From Magma
Lava Fountain
© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 8th Grade
•All igneous
rock starts
out as
magma inside
the earth
Unit 3 : Chapter 15 : Section 2
Igneous: Rock From Magma
Lava “Freezes” into
Igneous Rock
© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 8th Grade
•When
magma or
lava cools
down enough,
it becomes
igneous rock
Unit A : Chapter 1 : Section 1
Igneous: Rock From Magma
Intrusive RockGranite
© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 8th Grade
•When magma
cools beneath
the earth’s
surface, it
forms intrusive
igneous rock
Unit 3 : Chapter 15 : Section 2
Igneous: Rock From Magma
•Large crystals form,
and intrusive rock has
a coarse texture
because it cools very
slowly
Intrusive RockGranite
© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 8th Grade
Unit 3 : Chapter 15 : Section 2
Igneous: Rock From Magma
Extrusive RockObsidian
© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 8th Grade
•Igneous rock
that forms on
the earth’s
surface is called
extrusive
Unit 3 : Chapter 15 : Section 2
Igneous: Rock From Magma
Extrusive RockObsidian
© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 8th Grade
•Extrusive rock
cools quickly
and does not
have time to grow
large crystals
Unit 3 : Chapter 15 : Section 2
Igneous: Rock From Magma
•Extrusive rock
has a finegrained texture
Extrusive RockObsidian
© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 8th Grade
Unit 3 : Chapter 15 : Section 2
Sedimentary: Rock From
Other Rocks
What Do You Think?
How are layers of sedimentary rock similar
to the rings in a tree? How are they
different? What can geologists learn from
studying sedimentary rock layers?
© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 8th Grade
Unit 3 : Chapter 15 : Section 3
Sedimentary: Rock From
Other Rocks
•Wind, water,
ice, and
pressure all
cause rock to
break into
pieces
© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 8th Grade
Unit 3 : Chapter 15 : Section 3
Sedimentary: Rock From
Other Rocks
Rivers Transport
Sediment
© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 8th Grade
•In the process
of erosion,
rivers move
sediment from
one place to
another
Unit 3 : Chapter 15 : Section 3
Sedimentary: Rock From
Other Rocks
•Finally, the
sediment is
deposited in
layers
Sedimentary
Rock Layers
© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 8th Grade
Unit 3 : Chapter 15 : Section 3
Sedimentary: Rock From
Other Rocks
•After compaction
and cementation,
sedimentary rock
is formed
Sedimentary
Rock Layers
© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 8th Grade
Unit 3 : Chapter 15 : Section 3
Sedimentary: Rock From
Other Rocks
•Chemical
sedimentary rock
forms when
minerals crystallize
out of a solution of
minerals
and
water
Calcite Flowstone
© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 8th Grade
Unit 3 : Chapter 15 : Section 3
From Minerals to Rocks
Coal
Limestone
•Organic sedimentary rocks
such as coal and limestone form
from the remains of living things
© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 8th Grade
Unit 3 : Chapter 15 : Section 1
Metamorphic: Cooked Rock
What Do You Think?
When you mix up cookie dough, the mixture
of ingredients is similar to sedimentary rock.
How does the cookie dough change when
you place it in a hot oven?
© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 8th Grade
Unit 3 : Chapter 15 : Section 4
Metamorphic: Cooked Rock
•Metamorphic
rocks are
rocks that have
been changed
by heat and
Contact Metamorphism pressure
© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 8th Grade
Unit 3 : Chapter 15 : Section 4
Metamorphic: Cooked Rock
© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 8th Grade
Unit 3 : Chapter 15 : Section 4
Let’s Review!
-1-
What are the five
characteristics of a
mineral?
How is a mineral different
from a rock?
© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 8th Grade
Unit 3 : Chapter 15
Let’s Review!
-2-
How does the rate of
cooling affect the size of
crystals in igneous
rocks?
© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 8th Grade
Unit 3 : Chapter 15
Let’s Review!
-3-
How does clastic
sedimentary rock form?
How does chemical
sedimentary rock form?
© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 8th Grade
Unit 3 : Chapter 15
Let’s Review!
-4-
What changes occur when
heat and pressure are
applied to a rock?
What kinds of rocks can
become metamorphic?
© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 8th Grade
Unit 3 : Chapter 15
http://webmineral.com
http://mineral.galleries.com
http://www.mindat.org/
© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 8th Grade
Unit 3 : Chapter 15
Pre-AP Extensions
© Fall 2005, Pflugerville ISD, 8th Grade
Unit 3 : Chapter 15