Download Matter & Minerals

Chapter 3
Matter and Minerals
Minerals
Minerals in Rocks
Minerals
 Natural
 Inorganic
solid
 Molecular structure
 Chemical composition
Elements
 Mineral
building blocks
 115 identified
 92 occur naturally
 Others are unstable…we think
Periodic Table of Elements
Atoms
A
fundamental piece of matter
 Smallest particle of element
 Retaining elemental characteristics
Atomic Structure
(not really)
Creating Compounds
 Chemical
bonding
– strong & can be water soluble
 Covalent - strongest
 Metallic – electrons move freely
 Van der Waals – weakest
 Hydrogen
 Ionic
Isotopes
 Atoms
of same element with
varying numbers of neutrons
 May be unstable
 Radioactive
Polymorphs
Diamond & Graphite
Figure 3.10
Physical Properties
Crystal Forms
Physical Properties
Luster
Metallic
Non-Metallic
Physical Properties
Color
Physical Properties - Hardness
Physical Properties
Streak
Physical Properties
Cleavage
 Breaks
along surfaces with weak
bonds
 Creates smooth(er) surfaces
 Flat, shiny surfaces (reflects light)
 Varies in number of planes
Common
Cleavage
Directions
Fluorite, Halite, & Calcite
exhibit perfect cleavage
Physical Properties
Fracture
Physical Properties
Specific Gravity
 Density
without units
 Weight of a mineral divided by
the weight of an equal volume of
water
 Quartz = 2.7
Other Physical Properties
 Magnetism
 Double
refraction
 Taste
 Smell
 Reaction
to acid
Minerals
 Thousands
of minerals
 A few hundred common
 ~ 12 rock-forming minerals
Abundant Elements in the Crust
Mineral Groups
Silicates
– Potassium & Plagioclase
 Quartz – Amethyst, Milky, Smoky, etc..
 Micas – Muscovite & Biotite
 Olivine
 Hornblende
 Feldspars
Mineral Groups
 Phosphates
Detergents
Fertilizers
End of Chapter 3