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Nuclear Chem • There are four major types of nuclear reactions. • Radioactive Decay • Disintergration • Fission • fusion Decay • We did this earlier in the year. • Alpha decay In alpha decay the parent atom’s size is decreased by 4/2 He the mass # drops by 4 and the atomic # by 2 • Beta decay In beta decay the mass number of the parent remains the same, but atomic number goes up by one. Decay series for U 238 Nuclear disintergration This is how medical isotopes are made. A target element is bombarded with various sub atomic particles. This makes the new structure unstable, and then troughs its self apart to make a new element Particle accelerators are used to do this. Fission • The splitting of large atoms into smaller ones. Only a few atoms can be split. U235 , U233, Pu 238 fusion • Combining small atoms to make bigger ones. Nuclear reactors Pressurized water reactor Direct water boiling reactor Critical mass • The minimum mass needed to sustain a chain reaction Uses of radiation • • • • • • X-rays Cat scans Tracers Sterilize equipment Sterilize food Carbon dating Detecting radiation • The Geiger counter works because radiation causes ionization of gases. Smoke detector Radiation dosage • RAD radiation absorbed dose • .001 joules per kilogram • Rem - radiation equivalent to man Chernobyl reactor
