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Minerals
Chapter 3
Minerals known to ancient peoples
Hebrew
Septuagint
Josephus
Vulgate
Authorized
Version
Revised Version
(Greek)
(Greek)
(Latin)
1611 A.D.
1884 A.D.
About 250 B.C.
About 90 A.D.
About 400 A.D.
Odem
Sardion
Sardonyx
Sardius
Sardius
Sardius (or Ruby)
Pitdah
Topazion
Topazos
Topazius
Topaz
Topaz
Bareketh
Smaragdos
Smaragdos
Smaragdus
Carbuncle
Carbuncle (or
Emerald)
Nophak
Anthrax
Anthrax
Carbunculus
Emerald
Emerald (or
Carbuncle)
Sappir
Sappheiros
Iaspis
Sapphirius
Sapphire
Sapphire
Yahalom
Iaspis
Sappheiros
Jaspis
Diamond
Diamond (or
Sardonyx)
Leshem
Ligurion
Liguros
Ligurius
Ligure
Jacinth (or
Amber)
Shebo
Achates
Amethystos
Achates
Agate
Agate
Ahlamah
Amethystos
Achates
Amethystus
Amethyst
Amethyst
Tarshish
Chrysolithos
Chrysolithos
Chrysolithus
Beryl
Beryl (or
Chalcedony)
Shoham
Beryllion
Onyx
Onychinus
Onyx
Onyx (or Beryl)
Yashpheh
Onychion
Beryllos
Beryllus
Jasper
Jasper
Crystalline Structure
• Chemistry within limits
• Internal Structure within limits
• Permits identification based on chemical
and physical properties
Minerals are orderly crystalline
structures
• Helium
– Atomic Number 2
– Atomic Weight 4
• Neon
– Atomic Number 10
– Atomic Weight 20
Atoms and Ions
• Atoms
– Same number of
protons and electrons
– No charge
– Inert
• Ions
– Gain or loose
electrons to fill outer
electron shell
– Charged
– Larger or smaller than
atom
Ions
• Anion
– Gains electrons
– Negative charge
– Larger that atom
• Cation
– Loose electrons
– Positive charge
– Smaller than atom
• Metals
8 most abundant elements in the
Earth’s crust
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Element
Symbol Charge
Size Atom
Oxygen
O
-0.60
Silicon
Si
++++
1.17
Aluminum
Al
+++
1.43
Iron
Fe
++ (+++)
1.24
Calcium
Ca
++
1.96
Sodium
Na
+
1.86
Potassium
K
+
2.31
Magnesium
Mg
++
1.60
Size Ion
1.40
0.42
0.51
0.74
0.99
0.97
1.33
0.66
Organization of ions into a crystal
lattice
• Sizes of ions
• Charges of ions
• Unit Cell is the smallest assemblage of
ions that satisfies both ionic sizes and
charges
• The unit cell is much larger the simple
chemical formula
Coordination
• Radius Ratio
1.000
0.999 - 0.732
0.731 – 0.414
0.413 – 0.225
0.224 – 0.115
<0.114
Coordination Number
12
8
6
4
3
2
Coordination
• Coordination is controlled by the relative
sizes of ions
• Radius ratio is Radius of Cation divided
by Radius of Anion
• Limits 0.01 and 1.00
Example
•
•
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•
Na
cation
0.97
Cl
anion
1.81
Radius Ratio
0.54
Coordination Number 6
Can fit 6 sodium ions around a chlorine ion
– Conversely there are 6 chlorine ions around a
sodium ion
Common Salt (NaCl)
6 Cl ions around each Na ion
Next balance the charges
• 6 Na at -1
• 6 Cl at +1
= -6
= +6
• Net charge = 0
Oxygen and Silicon
• O ionic radius
• Si ionic radius
•
•
•
•
•
1.40
0.42
Radius Ratio
0.3
Coordination Number
4O
-2
=
1 Si
+4
=
Net Charge
-2
+4
4
-8
+4
-4
Silicate Tetrahedron (-4)
Silicate Tetrahedron
• Stick Model
Cell Model
Schematic
Mineral Classes
(Simple)
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Elements (12 fold coordination)
Oxides (4 and 6 fold coordination)
Sulfides (6 fold coordination)
Halides (6 fold coordination)
Halite -- Pyrite -- Galena
Mineral Classes
Compound
• Carbonates (CO3) -2
2.95
3 fold
• Sulfates (SO4) -2
3.08
3 fold
• Silicates (SiO4 ) -4
3.20
4 fold
Silicates
Island (olivine)
Island Silicate
Single Chain
Pyroxene
Double Chain
Amphibole
Sheet (mica)
Framework
Feldspar
Unit Cell
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Controls crystal form
Controls cleavage
Controls fracture
Revealed by striations on crystal and
cleavage faces
• Crystallization from melt (Plutonists)
– Igenous
• Precipitation from water (Neptunists)
– Sediment
• Transformation of organic materials
– Sediment
• Chemical transformation from previous
minerals
– metamorphism
Assignment
• Chapter 4 Igneous Rocks
• Important terms
– Magma
– Texture
– Bowen’s reaction series
– Crystallization – Melting