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VI I reland ’ s E n v ironment 2 0 0 8 C O NTENTS Summary X SECTION I INTRODUCTION 3 Authors: Jacinta Ponzi, John Curtis Introduction 14 Households 16 Public Perceptions and the Environment 17 The Economy 17 Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing 18 Chapter 1 Introduction Population 4 Regulatory and Policy Framework 4 Climate Change Research 39 Conclusions 41 References 41 Chapter 4 Ambient Air Quality and Transboundary Emissions 43 Industry 18 Energy 20 Building and Construction 20 Authors: Barbara O’Leary, Michael McGettigan Tourism and Travel 21 Introduction 44 Infrastructure 22 The Current Situation 44 Climate Change 5 Conclusion 23 Air Quality Zones 44 Water Quality 5 References 23 Monitoring Stations 44 Air Quality and Emissions 6 Particulate Matter 45 Waste 6 Nitrogen Dioxide and Oxides of Nitrogen 47 Chemicals 6 Ozone 47 Land, Soil and Biodiversity 7 Sulphur Dioxide 48 Noise 8 Lead 49 Benzene 50 Carbon Monoxide 50 Other EU Policy Developments EU Environmental Action Programmes Access to Information on the Environment (AIE) 8 8 8 SECTION II CLIMATE CHANGE AND AIR QUALITY Chapter 3 Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Climate Change 27 Emissions of Transboundary Pollutants Authors: Ken Macken, Michael McGettigan, Frank McGovern Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) 9 Introduction Research 9 Understanding Climate Change 28 Conclusion 9 References 10 Chapter 2 Socioeconomic Developments 13 Progress towards National Emissions Ceilings in Ireland 52 Other Substances Our Response 54 54 The Kyoto Protocol 29 GHG Emission Trends 30 Drivers of GHG Emissions 31 Conclusion 55 Emissions Projections 33 References 55 Projected GHG Emissions Trends 36 SECTION II SUMMARY 38 56 Addressing Climate Change Authors: John Curtis, Jacinta Ponzi 28 51 Forthcoming Legislation Emissions Trading 39 Climate Change and Air Quality 55 The Socioeconomic Context 14 Carbon Sinks 39 Climate Change 56 Introduction 14 Carbon Capture Storage 39 Air Quality 57 CONTENTS Chapter 6 Chapter 8 Improving Air Quality in Towns 57 Improving Air Quality in Cities 58 Meeting National Emissions Targets Authors: Matthew Craig, Donal Daly 59 Introduction 78 Groundwater Sources of Drinking Water 79 Groundwater and the WFD 79 Section III Water Chapter 5 The Water Framework Directive – A New Management Approach 63 New Arrangements for National Implementation 64 66 67 New Monitoring Programmes 69 How Will the Status of Surface Waters be Determined? 69 69 Chemical Status 70 Overall Surface-Water Status 70 New Biological Classification Systems and Environmental Quality Standards 70 How Will the Status of Groundwaters be Determined? 71 Role of Research 72 Environmental Data Exchange Network (EDEN) – Reporting on the WFD 72 105 Author: Deirdre Tierney Introduction 106 Assessment of Eutrophication and Lake Classification 106 Recent Assessment of Lake Water Quality 107 Current Trophic Status 107 Groundwater Monitoring 80 Lake Assessment by RBD 109 81 Long-Term Trends in Lakes’ Water Quality 109 Groundwater Quality 81 Acid Sensitive Waters 109 Groundwater Levels 86 References 111 Groundwater Classification and Measures 87 Chapter 9 Future Developments 88 89 Conclusions 89 References 89 Chapter 7 Water Quality of Rivers Ecological Status/ Potential Water Quality of Lakes 80 Groundwater Directive The Characterisation of Ireland’s River Basins 77 WFD Risk Characterisation Appraisal of Existing Groundwater Data Author: Garrett Kilroy Overview of New Approach Groundwater 91 Authors: Martin McGarrigle, Catherine Bradley, Ciarán O’Donnell Estuarine and Coastal Waters 113 Authors: Shane O’Boyle, Georgina McDermott, Robert Wilkes Introduction 114 Nutrients and Eutrophication in the Marine Environment 115 Quality of the Marine Environment 115 92 Trophic Status of Irish Estuaries and Nearshore Coastal Waters 115 River Classification 92 General Water Quality 116 River Quality 2004-2006: National Position 93 Winter Nutrients in the Irish and Celtic Seas 117 River Quality 2004-2006: Regional Position 93 Radioactivity in Irish Marine Waters 117 Metals and Chlorinated Compounds in Fish, Shellfish and Cetaceans 118 Water Quality of Rivers and Streams Causes of Pollution 94 Slight and Moderate Pollution 94 Serious Pollution 96 Public Participation in River Basin Planning 73 Fish Kills 96 Dioxins, Polychlorinated Biphenyls and Brominated Flame-Retardants in Fish 118 Challenges to Meeting the Objectives of the WFD 74 Phosphate and Nitrate in Rivers 99 Quality of Shellfish and Shellfish Waters 118 River Basin Planning 74 119 75 Dangerous Substances Monitoring Shellfish Biotoxins References 102 References 103 Irish Shellfish and Public Health 120 VII VIII I reland ’ s E n v ironment 2 0 0 8 Oil Pollution Incidents Bathing Water Quality Pressures on the Marine Environment Marine Litter 121 121 123 123 Coastal Zone Development 124 Marine Aggregate Extraction 124 Offshore Oil and Gas Exploration Dredging of Harbours and Marinas Pressures from Fisheries and Aquaculture 144 The Current Situation 145 Construction and Industrial Waste 145 Municipal Waste 146 Hazardous Waste 147 Export of Recyclable Waste 148 125 125 126 Impacts of Fishing on Fish Stocks and the Environment 126 Waste Management Infrastructure Response to Date and Future Needs EU and National Policy Forestry 169 Coastal Zone 170 References 148 Chapter 12 148 Soil 170 173 174 131 Summary 152 Soil Quality 174 References 152 Sources of Information on Soil 174 The General Soil Map of Ireland 175 National Soil Database 176 132 Section V Terrestrial Environment and Biodiversity Pressures Leading to Deterioration or Loss of Soil Functions 177 Decline in Soil Organic Matter 177 136 Chapter 11 Land Use 136 Responding To The Challenges Facing Our Water Resources 137 138 Section IV Waste & Resource Use Chapter 10 Sustainable Resource Use, Consumption and Waste 143 Author: Gerry Byrne Introduction 168 151 Climate Change and the Marine Environment References Agriculture The Current Situation: Our State of Knowledge of Soil and Soil Quality Challenges Key Issues Facing Our Water Resources 167 149 129 Section III Summary Rural Settlements 174 Impacts of Aquaculture 134 167 Introduction 128 References Urban Settlements 149 Deepwater Species 132 166 Industrial Waste Producer Responsibility Initiatives Conclusions Strategic Environmental Assessment Author: Jane Brogan 128 Protecting our Water Resources 148 166 Waste Management Planning 149 Shellfish Marine Research and Development Key Issues Causes of Increasing Waste Generation 144 157 Authors: George McHugh, Tadhg O’Mahony Soil Erosion by Wind and Water 178 Surface Sealing 179 Compaction 179 Introduction 158 Loss of Soil Biodiversity 179 Land Use and Land Cover 158 Soil Contamination 179 Occurrence of Land Cover/Land Use Classes Landslides 181 159 Our Response 182 Urban Settlements 159 Conclusion 183 Rural Settlements 160 References 183 Agriculture 162 Rural Environment Protection Scheme (REPS) 163 Biofuel Crops 163 Wind Energy 164 Forestry 164 Coastal Zone 165 Chapter 13 Biodiversity 187 Author: Conor Clenaghan Introduction 188 Habitats and Species in Ireland 188 CONTENTS Legislative and Policy Framework 189 International and European Frameworks and Conventions189 National Legislative and Policy Framework Biodiversity in the Wider Countryside and the Impact of Selected Sectors 192 197 Agriculture 198 Forestry 199 Fisheries, Aquaculture and Marine Biodiversity 200 Peatland Utilisation Invasive Alien Species and Alien Genotypes 201 201 Climate Change and Biodiversity 203 Public Education, Awareness and Participation 204 Our Response 204 References 207 Section V Summary Heavy Metals 217 Waste – Sector Analysis 236 Pesticides 217 Air Emissions 239 REACH 219 Classification, Packaging and Labelling of Chemicals 220 Air Emissions – Sector Analysis 240 Scenarios 240 Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals 220 Biodegradable Municipal Waste (BMW) 240 Pharmaceutical and Personal Care Products 221 Nanoparticles 221 Dioxins Dioxin Monitoring in the Environment 243 References 244 222 Chapter 16 222 Main Environmental Challenges Genetically Modified Organisms 223 Radioactivity Summary 223 Naturally Occurring Sources of Radioactivity 224 Radon 224 Thoron 224 Cosmic Radiation 225 247 Authors: Mícheál Lehane, Lisa Sheils Introduction 248 Limiting and Adapting to Climate Change 249 Air Quality and Emissions to Air 250 External Gamma Radiation 225 Protected Water Resources 251 Internal 225 Waste and Resource Use 252 225 Biodiversity and Soil 253 Integration and Enforcement 255 Terrestrial Environment and Biodiversity 210 Occupational Integration at a Policy Level 210 Man-made Sources of Radioactivity 225 Emerging Issues 256 Medical 225 Artificial Radioactivity 225 Role of Research and Environmental Technologies 257 Radioactivity Monitoring of the Irish Environment Conclusions 258 225 References 261 Integration at a Strategic Level 210 Data Required for Better Decision-making 210 Section VI Protecting and Managing the Environment Environmental Noise Infrastructural Noise 226 226 Conclusions 226 References 228 Chapter 14 Chemicals and Other Environmental Issues Chapter 15 215 Authors: Conor Clenaghan, Colman Concannon, Patrick Kenny, Kirsty Nolan 233 Author: John Curtis Introduction 216 Chemicals in the Environment 216 Persistent Organic Pollutants 216 PCBs Sectoral Analysis and Future Outlook 216 Introduction 234 Baseline Scenario – ‘Business as Usual’ 234 Waste Generation and Management 235 Acronyms/ Abbreviations 262 Glossary 266 IX
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