Download Departamento de Desarrollo Sostenible

Energy for Sustainable
Development in the Americas
Mark Lambrides
Department of Sustainable Development
Organization of American States (OAS)
Why are we gathered here today?

37th OAS General Assembly – Panama City
•
The Declaration of Panama “Energy for Sustainable
Development” declares:
“Their recognition also that the region must endeavor to reduce its
vulnerability to fluctuations in the price and supply of energy and
seek to increase its energy independence through measures such
as the diversification of the energy matrix, favoring an increase in
the sustainable use of renewable and cleaner energy or other
modalities...” (5)
“Their request to the Permanent Council and the Inter-American
Council for Integral Development (CIDI) to convene an interAmerican meeting of national authorities and experts, with the
participation of other relevant institutions, … for the discussion of
experiences, best practices, and other information relating to the
subject of this Declaration that will contribute to the sustainable
development of all countries in the Hemisphere …”(24)
Presentation Outline
•
•
•
•
Energy Situation in the Americas
Key Challenges for the Energy Sector
Several Strategies to Address Energy
Sector Challenges
OAS/DSD Energy Programs and Actions
Overview of the energy sector in the Americas




In 2006, the electricity consumption in the Hemisphere
was 6,014 TWh (OLADE, 2007)
It is expected that energy consumption in the Americas
will increase at an annual rate of 1.3% during 20032030.
 North America 1.1%
 LAC, 2.4% (EIA, 2007)
LAC’s energy sector requires between 3 and 6% of GDP
per year
Approximately 10% of the total population in LAC does
not have access to electricity ~50 million people
(Between 20% and 90% of the rural population in LAC
does not have access to electricity)
Overview of the Energy Sector in LAC
Latin America and Caribbean, 2003
shares of 464 Mtoe (19 EJ)
Gas
19,5%
Oil
45,5%
Nuclear
1,2%
Hydro
10,5%
Coal
4,6%
Traditional biomass
14,9%
Solar wind
geothermal etc
Modern biomass
0,4%
3,3%
Overview of the Energy Sector in LAC
Energy Demand in LAC (excluding Mexico), 2004 - 2030
900
Mtoe
800
700
Other Renewables
600
Biomass and Waste
500
Hydro
400
Nuclear
300
Gas
200
Oil
100
Coal
0
2004
Fuente: IEA, 2007
Source: EIA,2007
2015
Year
2030
Principal Characteristics of the
Electricity Sector in the Americas:
Supply and Demand

Generalizations regarding the
generation of electricity in the
Americas
• Latin America: Electricity
generation dominated by
large scale hydropower
(59%), natural gas, and
oil/diesel (31%), and
nuclear (7%)
• Caribbean: Almost
exclusively oil/diesel
generator (imported oil)
(93%)
Principal Characteristics of the
Electricity Sector in the Americas:
Supply and Demand
 Canada: 57% of
electricity generation
comes from hydro,
26% thermal, and 15%
nuclear
 United States:
Electricity generation
dominated by thermal
(70%) and nuclear
(20%); hydro
represents 7% of the
total electricity
generation
Electricity overview: Brasil
Percentage of Electricity Generation per source
2006
2006
Hydro
HIDRÁULICA
32,2%
32,2%
Petroleum
DERIV.
Derivatives
PETRÓLEO
10,2%
10,2%
Natural Gas
GAS NATURAL
12,1%
12,1%
Mineral
CARBÓN
Coal
MINERAL
1,2%
1,2%
Industrial
GAS
Gas
INDUSTRIAL
11,4%
11,4%
Biomasse
BIOMASA
32,9%
32,9%
Total Electricity Generation 419,337 GWh (2006)
Source: Balance Energético Nacional 2007, Ministerio de Minas y Energía, Brasil
Electricity overview: Mexico
Installed Capacity by Source (MW)
Year
Thermal
Hydro
Nuclear Geothermal
Wind
Total
Dec.
39,571*
11,343
1,365
960
85
2007
25,818
Source: Energy Information System, SENER.
*Does not include 11,457 MW generated by external producers without specifying the source
of generation.
Electricity generation portfolio:
Central America
Installed Capacity in Central America (MW) 2006
Region
Costa Rica
El Salvador
Guatemala
Honduras
Nicaragua
Panama
Total
Hydro Geothermal Wind
Cogener Thermal
9369,1 4080,8
433,4
68,6
602,6
4183,8
2095,7 1411,5
165,7
68,6
24,0
426,0
1312,8 472,6
151,2
0,0
85,5
603,5
2039,1 742,9
29,0
0,0
306,5
960,7
1588,0 502,9
0,0
0,0
59,8
1025,3
751,2 104,4
87,5
0,0
126,8
432,5
1582,3 846,5
0,0
0,0
0,0
735,8
Source: Estrategia energética sustentable Centroamericana 2020, CEPAL, 2007
Electricity generation portfolio:
The Caribbean
Installed Capacity in the Caribbean (MW)
Country
Barbados
Cuba
Dominica¹
Dominican Republic
Grenada
Haiti
Jamaica*
St. Lucia¹
Trinidad and Tobago
TOTAL
Thermal Hydro TOTAL
210
5,127
14
5,079
32
181
760
57
1,416
12,875
Source: 1-Energy Information Administration (EIA), 2004
The rest from Energy Statistics, OLADE 2007
*Wind: Jamaica has 20 MW
0
48
8
469
0
63
22
0
0
610
210
5175
22
5548
32
244
782
57
1416
13485
Key challenges for the energy sector

Electricity connected to the grid

Address generation needs

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Rising/fluctuation of fossil fuels prices (established by
international markets)

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Respond to the increasing demand (generation additional
capacity, multinational interconnections)
Extension of transmission and distribution lines
Reliability of “fuels supply” (pipelines, drought, interruption
of fuels supply)
An important part of the region depends on imported fuels
High costs of renewable energy options
Energy efficiency: Generation and use
Key challenges for the energy sector

Rural electrification


Grid extension vs.
household/community
systems (solar, diesel
generation…)
Poverty alleviation
(household
pollution/safety,
community/agricultural
applications)
Key challenges for the energy sector

Transportation issues
 Reliability and cost
of fuel supplies
 Adequate roads and
other modes of
transport
 Biofuels (and other
alternatives)
Key challenges for the energy sector

Environment



Local contamination (smog/other effluents,
visual)
Global – Climate Change (mitigation by CO2
emission reductions, vulnerability issues)
Geography

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
The region has important energy sources but
with dissimilar distribution
Differentiated consumption patterns
(economic variants)
Region highly urbanized
Summary – Key issues for the energy
sector in the Americas

The countries of the Hemisphere confront a variety of
preoccupations:
 Supply/security of energy sources
 High energy costs and import
 Vulnerability/adaptation to climate change
 Pressure to mitigate climate change
 Energy resources management
 Energy efficiency and energy saving benefit everyone

Also for LAC:
 Rural poverty/urban migration
 Urban contamination/household
Synthesis of key challenges:
 ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND ENERGY SECURITY

Strategies to address the energy sector
challenges
•
•
•
Energy resources diversification
Interconnections/Cooperation
between countries
Energy savings
Strategies to address the energy sector
challenges

Energy resources
diversification



Expand portfolio of electricity
fuels/resources (renewables,
fossil fuels, nuclear)
Diversify transportation fuel
options (i.e. biofuels Brazil;
hybrid vehicles USA)
Diversify sources of fossil fuel
supplies
Strategies to address the energy
sector challenges

Interconnections/Cooperation
among countries



Link power grids (i.e. SIEPAC in
Central America; US-Mexico;
South American
interconnections)
Link fuel supply lines (i.e.
Natural gas pipelines
Bolivia/Brazil/Argentina;
PetroCaribe “virtual connection”)
Harmonization of policies,
regulations, codes & standards
Strategies to address the energy
sector challenges

Energy Savings

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Demand Side Management
(DSM) Programs (i.e. Mexico’s
CONAE/FIDE)
Commercial efficiency programs
(i.e. Caribbean Hotel Association
Efficiency Program)
Improve transportation systems
(roads, public transport, efficiency
standards)
Renewable energy in the Americas:
DDS/OEA’s action

Sustainable Energy Policy Assistance
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Guatemala Renewable Energy Incentive Law
(approved)
Rep. Dom.: Renewable Energy Incentives Law and
Special Regulations (2007)
Sustainable energy plans (St. Lucia, Dominica, St.
Kitts and Nevis, Granada, St. Vincent and the
Grenadines, Antigua and Barbuda, The Bahamas)
Mexico, Argentina and Ecuador (RE Laws in
consideration)
Renewable energy in the Americas:
DDS/OEA’s action

Renewable Energy Technical/Resource
Assistance

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Bio-Energy Feasibility Study (El Salvador, Dominican Rep.,
Haiti, St. Kitts & Nevis)
Waste to Energy Program (concept)
Eastern Caribbean Geothermal Development Project
(Dominica, St. Lucia, St. Kitts & Nevis)
Rural Schools Electrification Program [link to FEMCIDI]
(Honduras, El Salvador, Guatemala)
Andean Region Geothermal Workshop (Chile, Argentina,
Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador)
Solar and Wind Energy Resource Assessment (Central
America – UNEP)
Sustainable energy policy workshops (Argentina, Dom. Rep.,
Guatemala, Mexico y Peru)
Renewable energy in the Americas:
DDS/OEA’s action

Knowledge/Information Management &
Hemispheric Energy Partnerships
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Energy Experts Database
Establishment of the Sustainable Energy Partnership
of the Americas (SEPA)
Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Partnership
(REEEP) – OAS/DSD serves as LAC Technical
Secretariat
Global Village Energy Partnership (GVEP) –
OAS/DSD organized hemispheric conference and
provides technical assistance
Renewable energy in the Americas:
DDS/OEA’s action

Increase Access to Sources of Financing
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Cooperate with the IADB Sustainable Energy Financing Initiative
Facilitate access to the Global Environment Facility (GEF) and
the World Bank
Technical Assistance in issues relating to climate change/Clean
Development Mechanism (CDM) tools
Facilitate the activities for bioenergy development in Central
America and the Caribbean (US-Brazil agreement)
What are the expectations for
today’s meeting?
Goals:


Provoke a stimulating dialogue between
energy experts and high level delegations
representing each of the OAS Member
States
Catalyze new initiatives that will effectively
lead us to improved energy sustainability
throughout the Americas