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OECD WORKSHOP ON COMPETITIVE CITIES AND CLIMATE
CHANGE: CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES
International Energy Agency, Paris - 30 November 2007
Climate change mitigation policy at city level:
the Italian experience
Ivana Capozza, Marco Magrassi
Ministry of Economic Development
Evaluation Unit
Outline
Climate change impact on Italian cities
Greenhouse gas emissions at national and
urban levels in Italy
Attitudes of municipalities in dealing with
environmental and climate change issues
Examples on energy and transport
EU funds
Climate change impact on Italian cities
Average temperature Jan-Jun 2007 Average temperature: a comparison
1961/90 – 1997/2007
Average temperature 1961-90
Average temperature 2007
Average change
2007 has been exceptional, but there is an overall negative
trend
Heat waves + tropical nights affect every day life and have
negative health impacts
Greenhouse gas emissions
 Italian Kyoto target in 2008 - 2012: -6.5% (base year 1990)
 However, increasing GHG emissions: +12% in 1990-2004
 Emissions at city level? Problems
 No national monitoring system assessing municipal
GHG emissions
 National Env. Agengy estimates provincial emissions
on a 5-year basis
 Only a few regional inventories and comparability
problems
 Italian provinces differ one another and provincial data
are a good proxy for municipal emissions only in a few
cases
Per capita CO2 emissions at provincial level (2005)
Population Percapita CO2 Power plants
density
+ industry
emissions
(kt/inhab.)
(inhab./km2)
Lombardy
Bergamo
Brescia
Como
Cremona
Lecco
Lodi
Mantova
Milano
Pavia
Sondrio
Varese
Puglia
Bari
Brindisi
Foggia
Lecce
Taranto
Road
transport
Other
transport
modes
Non industrial
combustion
(households
and services)
380
247
440
197
398
271
168
1,950
174
56
708
7.9
7.8
7.0
8.5
6.1
19.8
29.3
5.6
15.1
3.5
7.9
3.6
3.0
2.8
2.8
1.9
13.9
24.3
1.8
10.0
0.5
3.3
2.0
2.3
1.8
2.4
2.1
3.4
2.0
1.6
2.2
2.0
1.9
0.2
0.3
0.1
0.6
0.1
0.4
0.7
0.1
0.4
0.1
0.5
1.8
2.0
2.1
2.6
2.0
2.1
2.2
2.0
2.4
0.9
2.1
310
220
95
293
239
7.5
54.1
7.7
5.8
45.7
4.8
51.5
3.4
3.9
43.1
1.8
1.3
3.1
1.3
1.5
0.2
0.8
0.5
0.1
0.5
0.7
0.5
0.7
0.5
0.5
Attitudes of municipalities – Aalborg Commitments
Municipalities have traditionally played an important role in
managing environmental matters (mainly wastes, waste
water treatment, green areas and urban transport)
Italian local governments show a high commitment towards
sustainable urban development
Aalborg Commitments signatories per million inhabitants (2007)
7.00
6.00
5.00
4.00
3.00
2.00
1.00
0.00
Spain
Portugal
Italy
Sweden
Finland
Greece
Norway
Denmark
Attitudes of municipalities – Local Agenda 21
 1452 local governments have started a LA21
planning process (75% municipalities)
 78% abandoning rate (financial reasons)
 85% are in Central and Northern Italy
 Action plan implementation is ongoing in some 30%
of cases
 19% LA21 take account of Kyoto targets
 2% of local governments involved in LA21 also have
a specific climate change programme
Attitudes of municipalities
Several support measures for “clean” energy, industrial
and household efficiency, sustainable transport at central
and regional level
No comprehensive and specific climate change policy at
urban level, but
Sector-specific approach, focusing on energy and urban
transport, non necessarily linked to climate concerns,
e.g:
 Public investments in urban or light railways in
some major cities (Milan, Rome, Naples)
 Municipal energy plans
Examples - Energy
 24 provincial capital cities over 111 adopted
the Municipal energy plan (4 in the South)
 Solar thermal and photovoltaic power are
still under-used (especially in the South) but
increasing interest
 10 cities have district heating serving more
than 100 inhabitants in 1.000 (0 in the
South)
 No link between energy plan and city
performance
Urban transport
Public and private tansportation in Italian cities by macro-regions in (2006)
800
Light duty vehicles per 1.000 inhabitants
750
Rome
700
Perugia
650
600
Milan
550
Bari
Naples
500
Genova
450
Venice
400
0
100
200
300
400
500
Annual public transportation passengers per inhabitant
Central and Northern Italy
Southern Italy
Italian average
600
700
Urban transport
EU Funds “for” climate change in cities – 2000-06
Regions
Cities
Total climate
challenge
ERDR
expenditure in
the city (M€)
Total ERDF
expenditure
in the city
(M€)
Climate
challenge
over total
ERDF in
the city
(%)
Palermo
12.4
1,049.6
1.2
Catania
150.9
544.5
27.7
Cagliari
69.2
463.3
14.9
105.0
366.5
28.6
4.1
215.3
1.9
833.2
1,598.6
52.1
Salerno
30.5
190.2
16.0
Molise
Campobasso
0.04
66.7
0.1
Catanzaro
Reggio
Calabria
2.5
305.7
0.8
Calabria
3.6
337.6
1.1
Basilicata
Potenza
12.1
464.9
2.6
Sicilia
Sardegna
Puglia
Bari
Taranto
Campania
Napoli
Underground, urban and suburban railways - Buses and tramlines Cycling lanes - Network efficiency and energy saving - Solar energy
EU Funds “for” climate change in cities – 2000-06
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
Buses and tramlines
Cycling lanes
Network efficiency and energy saving
Solar energy
Underground
Urban and suburban railways
Ta
ra
nt
o
Sa
le
rn
o
Ca
la
br
ia
Re
gg
io
Po
te
nz
a
o
Pa
le
rm
Na
po
li
Ca
ta
ni
a
Ca
ta
nz
ar
o
Ca
gl
ia
Ca
ri
m
po
ba
ss
o
Ba
ri
0%
EU Funds “for” climate change in cities – 2007-13
Few regional programmes explicitly focus on urban areas
Several matters can go under the climate challenge heading
Total FESR
resources
(M€)
Piemonte
Valle D'Aosta
Lombardia
Liguria
Prov. Trento
Prov. Bolzano
Veneto
Friuli Venezia Giulia
Emilia Romagna
Toscana
Umbria
Marche
Lazio
Abruzzo
Molise
Campania
Puglia
Basilicata
Calabria
Sicilia
Sardegna
426,1
19,5
210,9
168,1
19,3
26,0
207,9
74,1
128,1
338,5
150,0
112,9
371,8
139,8
70,8
3.432,4
2.619,0
300,9
1.499,1
3.269,8
680,7
Climate
challenge
FESR
resources
(M€)
136,6
3,2
57,2
17,8
10,0
8,0
51,6
10,5
29,4
94,2
31,9
22,7
168,0
26,3
8,3
592,5
311,5
25,6
210,0
826,0
134,6
Climate
challenge
share (%)
Percapita
climate
challenge
FESR (€)
32
16
27
11
52
31
25
14
23
28
21
20
45
19
12
17
12
9
14
25
20
31,39
25,64
6,00
11,05
19,72
16,43
10,81
8,69
6,95
25,89
36,59
14,79
30,58
20,05
25,84
102,33
76,54
43,29
105,12
164,64
81,11
Railways
Conclusions
Patchwork geography of local climate challenge policies
Difficulties in having an overall picture
Few cities appear to be really committed
Sectoral views and scarce financial resources: different
thematic strategies are perceived as alternative investments
Investments and actions are mainly linked to economic and
social concerns
Opportunities: something is moving
Increasing interest and policy tools and resources made
available by central and regional governments
Cities can use these tools withing an integrated approach
It is a question of management capacity and governance