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International environmental cooperation -Summary Tomasz Żylicz www.woee.pl Overview of the presentation • • • • • • • • • Acid rain Baltic eutrophication Ozone hole Climate change Biodiversity loss Sustainability Lisbon Strategy Debt-for-environment swaps Trade versus environment Acid rain • Geographical distribution of losses in Europe • 1979 Geneva Convention on LRTAP • 1985 Helsinki Protocol • Gradual improvements • Economic efficiency Baltic eutrophication • Geographical distribution of costs and benefits • 1974 Helsinki Convention • Interactions of nitrogen and phosphorus • Need for regional optimization of abatement Ozone hole • Using environment in oligopolistic rivalry • 1986 Vienna Convention – victory of DuPont over ICI • 1987 Montreal Protocol –setting precedent for the polarized world –trade sanctions Climate change • 1992 FCCC – setting stage • 1997 Kyoto Protocol – binding commitments for Annex I countries • Flexibility mechanisms –CDM –EU ETS Biodiversity loss • 1992 Convention (Rio) • No technical solutions • Fees for biodiversity prospecting Sustainability • Brundtland definition (1987) • Two types of sustainability –Weak –Strong • Agenda 21 (1992) Lisbon Strategy • 2000 document • Environment – on of three pillars of sustainability • Four environmental issues – Climate change – Resource conservation – Transport – Health • 2005 reorientation Debt swaps • 1984 idea (T. Lovejoy) • 1987 Bolivian debt-fornature swap • Second thoughts • 1991 Polish initiative – Environment versus equity – Self-enforcing agreement? – EcoFund’s operations Trade versus environment • 1993 Swedish report • Proponents of trade – Trade enhances specialization – Specialization improves welfare – Welfare boosts environmental demand • Opponents of trade – Specialization traps – Inaquality of benefits – Environmental Kuznets Curve