Download The recreational value of forests in a transition economy

International
environmental
cooperation -Summary
Tomasz Żylicz
www.woee.pl
Overview of the
presentation
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Acid rain
Baltic eutrophication
Ozone hole
Climate change
Biodiversity loss
Sustainability
Lisbon Strategy
Debt-for-environment swaps
Trade versus environment
Acid rain
• Geographical distribution of
losses in Europe
• 1979 Geneva Convention
on LRTAP
• 1985 Helsinki Protocol
• Gradual improvements
• Economic efficiency
Baltic
eutrophication
• Geographical distribution of
costs and benefits
• 1974 Helsinki Convention
• Interactions of nitrogen and
phosphorus
• Need for regional
optimization of abatement
Ozone hole
• Using environment in
oligopolistic rivalry
• 1986 Vienna Convention –
victory of DuPont over ICI
• 1987 Montreal Protocol
–setting precedent for the
polarized world
–trade sanctions
Climate change
• 1992 FCCC – setting stage
• 1997 Kyoto Protocol –
binding commitments for
Annex I countries
• Flexibility mechanisms
–CDM
–EU ETS
Biodiversity loss
• 1992 Convention (Rio)
• No technical solutions
• Fees for biodiversity
prospecting
Sustainability
• Brundtland definition (1987)
• Two types of sustainability
–Weak
–Strong
• Agenda 21 (1992)
Lisbon Strategy
• 2000 document
• Environment – on of three
pillars of sustainability
• Four environmental issues
– Climate change
– Resource conservation
– Transport
– Health
• 2005 reorientation
Debt swaps
• 1984 idea (T. Lovejoy)
• 1987 Bolivian debt-fornature swap
• Second thoughts
• 1991 Polish initiative
– Environment versus equity
– Self-enforcing agreement?
– EcoFund’s operations
Trade versus
environment
• 1993 Swedish report
• Proponents of trade
– Trade enhances specialization
– Specialization improves welfare
– Welfare boosts environmental
demand
• Opponents of trade
– Specialization traps
– Inaquality of benefits
– Environmental Kuznets Curve