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Task Force on Hemispheric Transport on Air Pollution, Brussels, 1-3 June
Overview on the Hemispheric
Transport on POPs
Sergey Dutchak
EMEP/MSC-E
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EMEP/MSC-E
Task Force on Hemispheric Transport on Air Pollution, Brussels, 1-3 June
Recent studies
1. Persistent Organic Pollutants in the Arctic
AMAP, 2002
2. Regionally Based Assessment of
Persistent Toxic Substances
UNEP, 2002
3. Canadian Arctic Contaminants Assessment Report II
2003
4. Impact of warming ARCTIC
ACIA, 2004
5. Persistent Toxic Substances, Food security,
and Indigenous Peoples
AMAP, 2004
6. Evaluation of B[a]P and -HCH transport from
European and North American emission sources OSPAR, 2005
7. Scientific Journals
9. EMEP/MSC-E Reports of POPs
2004-2005
EMEP, 2005
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EMEP/MSC-E
Task Force on Hemispheric Transport on Air Pollution, Brussels, 1-3 June
International programmes on POPs:
AMAP
OSPAR
HELCOM
OECD . . .
Protocol on POPs
UN ECE
Stockholm Convention UNEP
POPs:
PCBs, D&Fs, HCB, PAHs, -HCH, 10 pesticides
New substances:
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers
Endosulfan, Dicofol
...
EMEP/MSC-E
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Task Force on Hemispheric Transport on Air Pollution, Brussels, 1-3 June
Differences in physical-chemical
properties of POPs
-HCH
Vegetation Air
1%
2%
Sea
82%
Soil
15%
PCB-153
Vegetation Air
1%
Sea 4%
3%
Soil
92%
Distribution of pollutants between media
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EMEP/MSC-E
Task Force on Hemispheric Transport on Air Pollution, Brussels, 1-3 June
Monitoring and Modelling Evidence
of Hemispheric Transport of POPs
Main transport pathways:
 Atmospheric transport
 Oceanic transport
 Riverine transport
 Transpolar ice transport
EMEP/MSC-E
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AMAP Assessment 2002:
Persistent Organic Pollutants in the Arctic
Task Force on Hemispheric Transport on Air Pollution, Brussels, 1-3 June
Monitoring evidence of POPs
transport
AMAP, EMEP, OSPAR
UNEP – under development
EMEP/MSC-E
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Task Force on Hemispheric Transport on Air Pollution, Brussels, 1-3 June
Time series of HCB, -HCH and PCBs
in Arctic air
HCB
-HCH
PCB10
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EMEP/MSC-E
AMAP Assessment 2002:
Persistent Organic Pollutants in the Arctic
Task Force on Hemispheric Transport on Air Pollution, Brussels, 1-3 June
Concentrations of PCDD/Fs in ringed
seals, in the Canadian Arctic, pg/g ww
EMEP/MSC-E
AMAP Assessment 2002:
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Persistent Organic Pollutants in the Arctic
Task Force on Hemispheric Transport on Air Pollution, Brussels, 1-3 June
New substances to the Protocol on POPs
Worldwide PeBDE production, kt/yr
PeBDE concentration, ng/g lw
Production
Beluga
Ringed seal
Trends of ΣPeBDE in ringed seals and beluga in the
Canadian Arctic and global production
EMEP/MSC-E
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AMAP Assessment 2002:
Persistent Organic Pollutants in the Arctic
Task Force on Hemispheric Transport on Air Pollution, Brussels, 1-3 June
Monitoring evidence of transport
Comments:
Available monitoring data in remote regions of the
Northern Hemisphere clearly show that POPs:
- are global pollutants
- are accumulated in different environment compartments
and in some species, particularly in marine mammals.
Needs:
- Long term observations in different environmental
compartments on hemispheric scale
- Exchange of measurement data between international
programmes
- Agreed monitoring strategy on global level
- Measurement campaigns
EMEP/MSC-E
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Task Force on Hemispheric Transport on Air Pollution, Brussels, 1-3 June
Model evidence of POPs
hemispheric transport
BOX MODELS
ChemRange
CliMoChem
} Switzerland
GLOBO-POP
Canada
SimpleBox
Netherlands
EVN-BETR and
UK
UK-MODEL
ELPOS
Germany
G-CIEMS
Japan
CHEMICAL
TRANSPORT MODEL
CAM/POPs
MEDIA
}
Canada
DEHM-POP
Denmark
MSCE-POP
EMEP/MSC-E
ADOM-POP
Germany
HYSPLIT 4
USA
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EMEP/MSC-E
EMEP/MSC-E Technical Report 1/2004
Task Force on Hemispheric Transport on Air Pollution, Brussels, 1-3 June
Typical structure of POP
multicompartment models
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EMEP/MSC-E
Task Force on Hemispheric Transport on Air Pollution, Brussels, 1-3 June
Model evidence of POPs
hemispheric transport
Compound
EMEP
region
Outflow
Outflow
%
B[a]P
~ 30
PCDD/Fs
~ 50
PCBs
~ 50
-HCH
~ 70
HCB
~ 80
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EMEP/MSC-E
Task Force on Hemispheric Transport on Air Pollution, Brussels, 1-3 June
EMEP Multicompartment Hemispheric
Transport Model (MSCE-POP-Hem)
Atmospheric transport
EMEP
Horizontal grid
structure: 2.52.5
EMEP/MSC-E
Atmospheric vertical grid
structure
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Task Force on Hemispheric Transport on Air Pollution, Brussels, 1-3 June
Distribution of emission sources in
the Northern Hemisphere, 1996
PCB-153
-HCH
Expert estimates
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EMEP/MSC-E
Task Force on Hemispheric Transport on Air Pollution, Brussels, 1-3 June
Annual deposition in 2002
-HCH
B[a]P
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EMEP/MSC-E
3
Mean annual concentrations, pg/m
0
EMEP/MSC-E
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3
European sites, PCB-153
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Observed
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Model
15
10
5
17
Tagish 94
Tagish 93
Tagish 92
Svanvik 92
Storhofdi 96
Storhofdi 95
Pallas 96
Ny Alesund 94
Ny Alesund 93
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
Ny Alesund 92
Dunai 93
Alert 94
Alert 93
Mean annual concentrations, pg/m
Rorvik 96
Rorvik 95
Rorvik 94
Kosetice 96
Karvatn 92
Hazelrigg 95
Hazelrigg 94
Hazelrigg 93
Task Force on Hemispheric Transport on Air Pollution, Brussels, 1-3 June
Comparison of modelling results
with monitoring data
Arctic sites, PCB-153
Observed
Model
Task Force on Hemispheric Transport on Air Pollution, Brussels, 1-3 June
Comparison of hemispheric and
regional models
resolution: 2.5ox2.5o
resolution: 50x50 km2
Deposition fluxes of -HCH to OSPAR region, 2000
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(North Atlantic)
EMEP/MSC-E
Task Force on Hemispheric Transport on Air Pollution, Brussels, 1-3 June
Intercontinental transport of PCB-153
from North American sources
EMEP/MSC-E
Air concentrations
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Task Force on Hemispheric Transport on Air Pollution, Brussels, 1-3 June
Seasonal variability
January
March
July
Monthly averages of PCB-153 surface atmospheric
concentrations caused by sources from
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North-western Europe
EMEP/MSC-E
Task Force on Hemispheric Transport on Air Pollution, Brussels, 1-3 June
Source-receptor relationships
Deposition
Deposition
to the Arctic
Canadian Arctic
to the Arctic
South-eastern
Asia
Africa and
Russia
3%
Central Asia
18%
5%
North-western
Europe
21%
North
America
39%
North
America
17%
South-eastern
Europe
17%
North-western Europe
40%
Russia
11%
Southeastern
Europe
15%
Africa
Southand Central
eastern
Asia
Asia
8%
6%
Contributions of main source groups to
PCBs deposition to the Arctic
EMEP/MSC-E
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Task Force on Hemispheric Transport on Air Pollution, Brussels, 1-3 June
POP ocean transport model
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EMEP/MSC-E
Task Force on Hemispheric Transport on Air Pollution, Brussels, 1-3 June
PCB-153 concentrations in the
upper 100 m layer of ocean, ng/m3
1985
2000
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EMEP/MSC-E
Task Force on Hemispheric Transport on Air Pollution, Brussels, 1-3 June
Sea currents,
1st year
relative units
10th year
Changes of concentrations of PCB-153 in seawater
during 10 years (European source)
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EMEP/MSC-E
Task Force on Hemispheric Transport on Air Pollution, Brussels, 1-3 June
Sea currents,
1st year
relative units
10th year
Changes of concentrations of PCB-153 in seawater
during 10 years (American source)
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EMEP/MSC-E
Task Force on Hemispheric Transport on Air Pollution, Brussels, 1-3 June
River flux of -HCH
~ 30% of total
input to the
Arctic Ocean
Changes in mean annual concentrations
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in the upper layer, ng/m3
EMEP/MSC-E
Task Force on Hemispheric Transport on Air Pollution, Brussels, 1-3 June
POP transport with the sea ice
Main ice transport
directions
EMEP/MSC-E
Mean annual rate of ice
melting in the Arctic,
mm/day
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Task Force on Hemispheric Transport on Air Pollution, Brussels, 1-3 June
γ-HCH Input into Arctic Ocean, t/y
2002
Rivers
37%
Atmosphere
25%
Sea currents
Pacific ocean Atlantic ocean
3%
14%
Ice+Snow
21%
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EMEP/MSC-E
Task Force on Hemispheric Transport on Air Pollution, Brussels, 1-3 June
Climate change
Changes associated with temperature,
precipitation, ice cover and with
ecosystems have a great potential to alter
pathways of POPs.
EMEP/MSC-E
Canadian Arctic Contaminants
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Assessment Report II
Task Force on Hemispheric Transport on Air Pollution, Brussels, 1-3 June
Climate change
Increases in annual
average arctic temperature
projected by an average of
ACIA models for A2 and B2
emissions scenarios
~ 5-7oC
ACIA – Arctic Climate
Impact Assessment
EMEP/MSC-E
Impacts of a Warming Arctic:
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ACIA. Highlights [2004]
Task Force on Hemispheric Transport on Air Pollution, Brussels, 1-3 June
Climate change and
hemispheric transport
0.25
Vdwet, cm/s
0.2
0.15
PCBs
0.1
0.05
0
0
5
10
15
T, 0C
20
25
30
Fraction of particulate phase
Gas/particle partitioning for three
POPs (temperature dependence)
Wet deposition velocity
via temperature
100%
80%
60%
50%
40%
PCB-153
20%
0%
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
T, C
10
15
20
25
o
POPs behaviour is strongly temperature dependent
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EMEP/MSC-E
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Task Force on Hemispheric Transport on Air Pollution, Brussels, 1-3 June
Satellite Data on Changes of Sea Ice
EMEP/MSC-E
Impacts of a Warming Arctic:
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ACIA. Highlights [2004]
Task Force on Hemispheric Transport on Air Pollution, Brussels, 1-3 June
Climate change
with sea ice
without sea ice
Annual average concentration of PCB-153, pg/L
in the upper sea layer for 1996
EMEP/MSC-E
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Task Force on Hemispheric Transport on Air Pollution, Brussels, 1-3 June
Conclusions
 Most of the total quantity of POPs measured in the Arctic
environment is derived from distant source of Northern
Hemisphere
 The atmosphere often predominates initially as a rapid
transporting medium but with time other slower-moving
(ocean) or stationary media (lake water, soil, vegetation)
become the dominant reservoirs or transporting media.
 Multicompartment transport models could generate
information on global/hemispheric transport including
intercontinental transport, source-receptor relationships,
seasonal variability, transport with sea currents, etc.
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EMEP/MSC-E
Task Force on Hemispheric Transport on Air Pollution, Brussels, 1-3 June
 Atmospheric transport, ocean currents, ice cover,
and water-air exchange of POPs are all subject to
alteration as a results of climate change.
 Close cooperation of various international bodies
and national experts in the field of emission
inventories and projections, monitoring and
modeling is highly appreciated.
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EMEP/MSC-E