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Environmental Management and DRR in Indian Context Prof. Vinod K. Sharma Sr. Professor, Disaster Management, Indian Institute of Public Administration, and Executive Vice-Chair, Sikkim State Disaster Management Authority Some National Initiatives The National Disaster Management Act-2005 National Disaster Management Authority-2005 National Action Plan on Climate Change Many states taking up initiatives: Acts, Authorities, Plans, Capacity Building (Leading states: Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, Orissa, Bihar Sikkim) District level empowerment Local level participation and action India’s Vulnerability Floods Droughts Earthquakes Landslides Cyclones Forest Fire Cloud Burst Hail storms Major Natural Disasters : 1990 - 2012 1997 Chamoli KutchchhEarthquakes Uttarkashi Latur (Killari) Jabalpur Earthquake, J&K Oct.8, 2005 1999 J&K 1991 1993 , Gujarat 2001 2005 Cyclones East & West Godavari dist.of Andhra Pradesh Kutchchh, Gujarat Orissa 1992& 1996 1998 1999 Floods Punjab Kerala Punjab & Haryana Mumbai 1993 1994 1996 2005 Tsunami Andaman & Nicobar Earthquake, Gujarat January 26, 2001 Tsunami Dec.26, 2004 Scientific initiatives in DRR Vulnerability Atlas for each major hazard was prepared High Powered Committee was set up by the Prime Minister in 1999 Focus was on Preparedness, Planning and Mitigation National, State and District level authorities were prepared Disaster Management Act came to force in 2005 Floods • Floods in the Indo-GangeticBrahmaputra plains are an annual feature • On an average, a few hundred lives are lost • Millions are rendered homeless Lakhs of hectares of crops are damaged every year Case Studies Mumbai 2005 Surat Flood 2006 Rajasthan Flood 2006, 2008, 2012 Uttarakhand Floods 2013 Wind and Cyclones During the Period 1877-2005 in a 50 km wide strip following cyclonic activity have taken place: • 283 cyclones (106 severe) on the East Coast • 35 cyclones (19 severe) on West Coast • In the 19 severe cyclonic storms, death toll > 10,000 lives In 21 cyclones in Bay of Bengal (India and Bangladesh) 1.25 million lives have been lost Orissa Cyclone 26-29 October, 1999 Earthquakes • 10.79% land is liable to severe earthquakes (intensity MSK IX or more) • 17.49% land is liable to MSK VIII (similar to Latur/Uttarkashi) • 30.79% land is liable to MSK VII (similar to Jabalpur earthquake) Biggest quakes in Andamans, Kuchh, Himachal, Kashmir, Bihar and the North Eastern States) Sikkim Parameter Value GEOGRAPHICAL AREA 7096 Sq.KM. POPULATION (2011 CENCUS) 6.07 LAKHS DISTRICTS 04 (EAST, WEST , NORTH & SOUTH) MAIN DRAINAGES TISTA , RANGEET & ITS TRIBUTARIES FOREST COVER 43% of the total area. GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION 270 00’46” to 280 07’48” N latitude 880 00’58” to 880 55’25” E Longitude ECONOMY MAINLY TOURISM, CASH CROPS, HYDEL POWER PROJECT LITERACY RATE(2001 CENSUS) 82% Brief information on Sikkim & Earthquake details Parameter Magnitude Date-Time Location Depth Duration Extent Source: USGS / IMD Value 6.8 18:10 IST, 18th Sept, 2011, Sunday 27.72°N, 88.06°E 19.7 km (shallow depth) 30-40 seconds In India, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh and China In India, in Sikkim and northeast, West Bengal, Bihar, Jharkhand, UP, Rajasthan, Chandigarh and Delhi Sikkim After Earthquake 2011 Sikkim State Disaster Management Authority Established Significant progress since Sikkim-Nepal Earthquake of September 2011 Environment-Disaster Link: India’s first fully ORGANIC STATE and preparing for disasters Establishing Himalayan Institute of Environment and Disaster Management Taking community based approach, involving schools, voluntary organisations, local leaders Landslides • The Indian Subcontinent with diverse physiographic, seismotectonic and climatologic conditions is subjected to varying degree of landslide hazards. • The himalayas including Northeastern mountain regions being the worst affected followed by a section of the Western Ghats, Eastern Ghats and Vindhyas. Accounts for considerable loss of life and damage to communication routes, human settlements, agricultural fields and forest lands. Recent Trends and Concerns Unusual and unexpected weather events – Heavy rain – Early or delayed rain – Hail, snow – Unseasonal windstorms – Excessive heat – Excessive cold Resultant change in water and crop patterns Direct Impact on Coastal Areas Rise in sea level – loss of coastal lands and small islands – Relevance to all coastal areas – Islands along coastal states (Eg. Andhra Pradesh, West Bengal) – A&N Islands – Lakshadweep Islands Direct Impact on All Areas Increased frequency, increased severity, and less predictability of : – Storms – Floods – Flash floods – Cloud bursts – Rain caused landslides – Snow fall – Heat waves Current Trends to watch Increased cloud bursts in Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand and J&K (2010 flashfloods), and Sikkim in 2012, Uttarakhand 2013 Rising temperature trends in Orissa (Talcher 52 degrees Celsius) Freak floods in drought prone Rajasthan Drought in flood prone Assam Glacier depletion along Himalayan Belt Crop failure due to rainfall variations Increased migration to large cities in search for work Trends to Expect in Future Increased flooding and droughts due to rainfall variations Increased flooding for some years due to snow melt Droughts after some year due to depleting water sources Severe cyclones, specially in WB, Orissa, AP, TN, Gujarat Crop failures, depletion in fish catch Who is at Risk? Particularly the poor Inhabitants of towns and villages in fragile ecosystems (mountains, coasts, arid areas..) Farming communities dependent on rainfed agriculture Hill communities dependent on natural water sources Megacities with high water demand What can be done to stop the trend Reduce glasshouse gas emissions: – Clean technologies in industries – Improved refrigeration and transportation systems Reduce energy consumption at all levels – Switch to greener energy sources – Reduce energy consumption through efficiency and austerity – Adopt renewable energy sources in disaggregated manner – Invest in improvement of technologies and their dissemination Climate Change Adaptation Adaptive Agriculture – Switch to crops that can yield within changed durations of rainfall season Adaptive Water Management – Manage water sources and increase water harvesting and water recycling at local level Adaptive Settlements – Plan cities and villages to be away from path of predictable disasters – Go Green Prevailing Planning Practice prescriptive Land-use zoning (20 year horizon) disaster prone and environmentally sensitive areas are declared unsuitable for development, but economic pressures prevail Human Settlements this is not what we had planned ! Local informal economies pressure in centrally located vacant land Unhealthy villages and cities Severe environmental degradation Compounded risks DISASTER annual ritual Illegal settlements… cannot be recognized or catered to Informal settlements represent a vast human population living in temporary and unsafe structures with little or no facilities…… Even hazards of low intensity attain disastrous proportions when they strike such vulnerable communities and degraded environments Disaster-Environment Impact Matrix Air Water Land Crops Wildlife Livestock Forests Waste Flood S D D D D D D D Cyclone D D D D D D D D Drought I D D D D D D I Earthquake S, C I, C I -- L D -- D Landslide -- S D -- I -- D D Chemical D D D D D, C D D, C D Nuclear D D, S D D, S D D D, L D Biological S D, C S C C C C D Civil C C C, I -- -- -- -- C Transport C C C L -- -- -- D D=Direct, I=Indirect, S=Secondary, L=Less, C=Case specific From sectoral to holistic planning Concerned agencies & Communities Disaster Risk Management Disaster Management Vehicle RISK MANAGEMENT Preventio n Planning EMERGENCY RESPONSE Mitigation Preparedness Planning Hazard / Risk Reduction Vulnerability Reduction ENVIRONMENT Governance Emergency Risk Assessment Response community Evaluation Monitorin g Management centric Reconstruction COMMAND Rehabilitatio n Operation centric Relief Concept of Disaster Risk Reduction Risk Reduction: Event minimization Loss minimization Quick recovery (Resilience) Approach: Visualizing hazards Reducing vulnerability Increasing coping capacities DM Paradigm Shift Response Centric Relief Centric – Mitigation centric – Preparedness centric – Disaster Centric Hazard Centric Vulnerability Centric Environment Centric Adaptation DRR Strategy Design – Components What is the risk hazard - event x damageability What is at risk – – Life, Structures, Resources, Infrastructure Resist Resilience – Avoid – Tolerate – Manage Programmes – Direct – Indirect – Infused Causes Causes Reduced through multi-stakeholder cooperation Causes Building disaster capacity Immediate/ Long -term Population De-forestation High Consumption Climate Change The Environment cause-effect cycle Effects Effects Effects Reduced through awareness, policies & action Waste Coral Reef Damages Coastal Zone Impacts Ground water contamination Siltation issue Effect on agriculture land Environ-disaster interface Poverty Losses Population Growth High Exposure to Hazard Locations Environmental Hazards Complex Low coping capacity High Disaster Risk Hazard / Trigger event Major Disaster Losses Source: 2008(5) Publication IMPACTS OF DISASTERS Disaster Event Physical Environmental SOCIAL Economic Physical (buildings, structures, physical property, industry, roads, bridges, etc.) Environmental (water, land/soil, land-use, landscape, crops, lake/rivers / estuaries, aquaculture, forests, animals/livestock, wildlife, atmosphere, energy, etc.) Social (life, health, employment, relations, security, peace, etc.) Economic (assets, deposits, reserves, income, commerce, production, guarantee/insurance, etc.) DRR Interventions - Routes Direct : DM Act, Rules, Policy… DM Programmes – NCRM, Capacity building programme of Engineers/Architects Environmental Resources: Land/soil/land-use Water/water bodies, watersheds Wetlands, Rivers Air/atmosphere Habitat/vegetation-forests, plantation, orchards, agriculture - agroforestry, aquaculture Livestock, wild animals Environmental supplies – water, PHE, sanitation, waste mgmt, Chemicals / minerals Welfare programmes Family, child, youth, sports, NREGS, RTI, …. Service programmes Transport, health, communication, housing, aviation, navigation, fire, industry Rural Environmental Programme KEY ISSUES: All rural programmes Natural Resources Land Water Energy Vegetation – – – – Agriculture Forestry Horticulture Aquaculture Animals – Fisheries – Livestock – Wildlife Env. Health – Sanitation – Supplies Climate Change Impacts Climate change is considered as an environmental phenomena. Climate change impacts are seen in the form of natural disasters like drought, flood etc. Livelihoods of the rural communities are directly affected by the climate change impacts Adaptation to climate change is becoming increasingly recognized as the key issue (as opposed to mitigation), and it is considered as the pre-disaster preparedness measures. When people plan... Participatory appraisals and stakeholder sensitization Community Action Planning - bottoms up! Local action oriented For a safer tomorrow.. Preventing mushrooming of NEW development projects and settlements in environmentally sensitive areas Reducing socio-economic inequalities in the population and providing for safe & healthy living Adopting conservation and development in an ECOSYSTEM SENSITIVE manner New Challenges Multiple agencies working in DRR and Environment – – – – – – – Ministry of Environment and Forests Ministry of Home affairs National Disaster management Authority Ministry of Science and Technology Ministry of Agriculture Ministry of Water Resources Planning Commission of India University research is not linked with development planning Thank You!