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Centre for Military and Strategic Studies
APPROACHES TO WHOLE OF GOVERNMENT
ISSUES IN THE ARCTIC
Arctic Security Whole of Government Research
Workshop
Rob Huebert
Kingston: May 6 2014
[email protected]
Introduction
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•
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What is meant by “Whole of Government”
How doe is operate?
Case 1 Development of Arctic Council
Case 2 Development of Arctic Security
(Intergovernmental) Working Group
• Costs/Benefits of Whole of Government
Whole of Government
• What is Whole of Government?
• Is it better Governance? Better understanding
of public administration?
• Is it the unavoidable result of Government
Reduction (eg Strategic Review)?
• Does it work best when mandated from the
top?
• Does it work best when working down up?
Case 1: Arctic Council as a result of
Whole of Government
• Northern Contaminants Program (NCP) 1980s
– Brought together federal/territory/northern
indigenous organizations
• Green Plan/Arctic Environmental Strategy
(AES)
• Government Reduction
• Identification of new Problem
• Key individuals and Commitment
AES to AEPS to Arctic Council
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•
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Gorbachev 1987 Murmansk Speech
End of Cold War 1988
Finland Search for Role/Cooperation 1989
Partnership between Cdn and Finnish officials
Transference of core element of AES to Arctic
Environmental Protection Strategy
• Canadian Creation of Arctic Council
Results
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Issue Driven
Inclusive
Built on limited budget
Has created new set of norms in Arctic
Cooperation
Case 2: Arctic Security
(Interdepartmental)Working Group
• Development of the Protection of Canadian
Arctic Sovereignty and Security
– Martin Government’s effort to develop 2003-2005
– Harper Government Arctic Policy 2006-2013
• Changing international interest in the Arctic
– Growing interest of Arctic and non-Arctic States
– Growing economic interest in the region
• Changing environment
– Climate change
Participation
• Increase of Participation
• Nov 1999 – 21attending 5regrets (26 total)
• Nov 2008 - 102 attending 16 regrets (108
total)
• Increase in number of department
Federal/Territorial
• Core number of Department
– DND, Coast Guard, Public Safety, DFAIT, RCMP
etc.
Participation – Observations/Questions
• Increase participation indicates buy-in. Why?
What was value each participant saw?
• Ongoing support of CO Canadian Northern
Area/JTFN. How did it shift from a optional
“good idea” to established event?
• Was an effort to control/stabilize numbers after
2008. What is impact? Did it stop growth? Did
it make the group even more desirable?
Participation
Issue Areas
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Sovereignty
NORDREG
Foreign Vessels
Surveillance & Intelligence
Ballistic Missile Defence
Crime/Drugs/Migration
Terrorism/Protestors
(Inter)National Events
Infrastructure &
Transportation
• Oil, Gas & Mining
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•
•
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Isolated Populations
Science and Climate Change
The Environment
Circumpolar Issues
Emergency Preparedness
Aircraft Traffic &
Management
• Interdept. Cooperation
• Dept. Representations &
Capacity
What does this Mean?
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•
•
•
•
Tendency to treat all as “equals”
Reluctance/inability to deal with hard issues
Creates set of cooperative norms
Creates a set of norms to do with limited funds
Provide avenues to create cooperative
activities
– Search Rescue Treaty; Military Exercises