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JOINTS Joints = articulation arthro - = joint arthritis arthroscopic surgery allows movement between bones classification by structural tissue fibrous joint cartilaginous joint synovial joint fibrous c.t. cartilage synovial membrane by function - amount of movement synarthrosis no movement amphiarthrosis little movement diarthrosis freely moving classification by structure fibrous joint sutures syndesmosis gomphosis cartilaginous joint symphysis synchondrosis synovial joint ball and socket hinge pivot condyloid plane saddle fibrous capsule synovial membrane synovial cavity synovial fluid articular capsule articular cartilage synarthrosis amphiarthrosis synarthrosis cranial bones tibia – fibula teeth in bone amphiarthrosis pubic symphysis IVD manubrium-1st rib synarthrosis all diarthroses hip ; shoulder elbow ; knee ; ankle ; interphalangeal atlas - axis ; radius - ulna occipital - C1 ; TMJ ; radius - carpal carpals ; tarsals ; intervertebral facets 1st metacarpal - carpal Synovial joints dense irregular c.t. continuous with periosteum lines fibrous capsule secretes synovial fluid joint cavity lubricant nourishes articular cartilage fibrous capsule +synovial membrane ends of epiphysis smooth surface to cushion bone ligaments tendons articular discs bursa joint reinforcements dense regular c.t. bone – bone resist movement dense regular c.t. bone – muscle aid movement = meniscus fibrocartilage w/in joint cavity fluid-filled sacs between tendons and bone muscle support flexion / extension lateral flexion rotations abduction / adduction circumduction supination / pronation opposition dorsiflexion / plantarflexion inversion / eversion elevation / depression protraction / retraction ROM = Ranges of Motion most joints vertebra vertebra; hip ; shoulder hip ; shoulder hip ; shoulder forearm; foot thumb to fingertips ankle foot shoulder ; TMJ shoulder : TMJ ROM flexion lateral flexion rotation decrease angle between bones bend joint (usually anteriorly) increase angle between bones straighten joint decrease angle laterally bone turns around another abduction adduction away from the midline toward the midline pronation supination palm down palm up extension more ROM plantar down plantar up circumduction combination of actions (shoulder) opposition thumb to fingertips even more ROM dorsiflexion plantarflex decrease angle of ankle, anteriorly decrease angle of ankle, posteriorly inversion eversion ankle supination + internal rotation ankle pronation + external rotation elevation depression protraction retraction raise lower forward back knee largest joint femur – tibia meniscus hinge medial and lateral fibrocartilage stabilize femoral condyles intracapsular ligaments anterior cruciate ligt poterior cruciate ligt extracapsular ligaments tibial and fibular collateral ligts patellar ligament hip = coxal joint ball and socket femur head - acetabulum acetabular labrum fibrocartilage ring ligaments iliofemoral ligt pubofemoral ligt ischiofemoral ligt ligamentum teres head of femur to acetabulum shoulder joint = glenohumeral joint glenoid labrum fibrocartilage deepens the glenoid cavity ligaments coracohumeral ligt glenohumeral ligt acromioclavicular (A-C) jnt ; ligt. elbow joint humero-ulnar joint ligaments radial-ulnar joint radial head to ulna anular ligament hinge radial collateral ulnar collateral pivot wrist joint radio-carpal joint condyloid radius - scaphoid + lunate intercarpal joints gliding talocrural joint = subtalar joint intertarsal joints ligaments medial (deltoid) ligt lateral ligt talus - tibia/fibula talus - calcaneus inversion / eversion ankle hinge intervertebral articulations articular processes (facets) synovial jnts superior articular process inferior articular process intervertebral disc (IVD) cartilaginous jnt same # as vertebra above nucleus pulposus (NP) internal gel / water supports vertebral bodies anulus fibrosus external ring around NP fibrocartilage “herniated disc” other joints temporormandibular (TMJ) has a meniscus carpal – metacarpal tarsal - metatarsal metacarpal – phalangeal interphalangeal PIP proximal interphalangeal jnt DIP distal interphalangeal jnt what could go wrong? sprain dislocation arthritis Osteoarthritis Rheumatoid Arthritis CTS carpal tunnel syndrome HNP herniated nucleus pulposus
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