Download Here

JOINTS
• FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION
– Synarthroses: immovable
– Amphiarthroses: slightly movable
– Diarthroses: freely movable
mainly axial skeleton
• STRUCTURAL CLASSIFICATION
– Fibrous joints: bones joined by fibrous tissue; no joint
cavity
– Cartilaginous joints: bones joined by cartilage; no joint
cavity
– Synovial joints: joint cavity present
JOINTS (cont)
• FIBROUS
– Sutures: seams of cranial bones;
(synostoses=fused bones)
• coronal, lambdoid, sagital sutures
– Syndesmoses: bones connected by ligaments
• between tibia and fibular, between radius & ulna
– Gomphoses: peg-in-socket; fibrous
• teeth in the alveolar socket
JOINTS (cont)
• CARTILAGINOUS
– Synchondroses: bones joined by hyaline
cartilage
• eg-epiphyseal plate.
– Symphyses: fibrocartilage pad between
• eg-pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs
Synovial Joints
• Those joints in which the articulating bones
are separated by a fluid-containing joint
cavity
• All are freely movable diarthroses
• Examples – all limb joints, and most joints
of the body
Synovial Joints: General
Structure
• Synovial joints all have the following
– Articular cartilage
– Joint (synovial) cavity
– Articular capsule
– Synovial fluid
– Reinforcing ligaments
• nonaxial—slipping movements
only
• uniaxial—movement in one plane
• biaxial—movement in two planes
• multiaxial—movement in three
planes
•intercarpal
•intertarsal
•carpometacarpal
•tarsometatarsal
•vertebrocostal
•intervertebral
•elbow
•interphalangeal (finger; toe)
•ankle (tib-fib w/ talus)
•knee—modified hinge
•atlantoaxial
•radioulnar
•radiocarpal
•knuckle
(metacarpophalangeal)
•metatarsophalangeal
•thumb (carpometacarpal)
•shoulder
(glenohumeral)
•hip (coxal)
muscle
tendon
bursae
synovial
cavity
Fig. 38.16, p. 656
muscle
femur
vein
artery
patella
fat pad
ligament
tibia