Download The Skeletal System

The Skeletal System
The skeletal system is made of tough bone tissue that
supports the body and allows it to move. Some bones
cover and protect vital organs, such as the heart and
brain. Marrow within bones produces white and red
blood cells. As a health care professional, it is important
to know the parts of the skeleton, as well as diseases
that may affect bone.
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Match key terms with their correct meanings.
 Label a diagram of major bones in the body.
 Select from a list the functions of bones.
 Name the long, short, flat, and irregular bones of the
body.
 Identify immovable, slightly movable, and freely movable
joints of the body.
 Identify common disorders of the skeletal system.
 Label a diagram of four types of bone fractures.
 Explain why a health care worker must have a basic
knowledge of the skeletal system and how it functions.
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Made up of bone and other connective tissues
(ligaments and cartilage)
Functions of the bone:
 To serve as a framework for body, giving the body structure and
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support
To protect internal structures
To act as a storage area for calcium
To produce blood cells
To allow flexibility
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Long bones (longer than their width)
 Humerus, tibia, fibula, ulna, radius
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Short bones (length and width are nearly equal)
 Wrist and hand, ankle and feet
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Flat bones (two layers of bone divided by a narrow
span)
 Skull, sternum, ribs, shoulder blade
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Irregular bones
 Face, spin, hip
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Axial skeleton includes 80 bones found in the skull,
vertebrae, ribs and sternum
Appendicular skeleton involves the appendages and
includes 126 bones found in the arms, hands, legs, feet,
and pelvis
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Joints are the point where two bones meet: p. 335
 Immovable joints: cranium
 Slightly movable joints: vertebral discs, symphysis pubis,
sacroiliac joints
 Freely movable joints: ex. Shoulder, knees, ankles, elbows,
wrists, fingers
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Ligaments connect to bone and hold bones together
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arthritis - inflammation of the joints
degenerative - change in the structure of the joint disease joints with aging
 fracture - break in a bone
 simple fracture - bone is broken, and the skin is not open around the break
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compound fracture – bone is broken, and the skin is penetrated by the
bone
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comminuted fracture – bone breaks into pieces, and bone fragments are
lodged in the surrounding tissue
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greenstick fracture - bone is bent and splits, causing an incomplete break
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kyphosis - abnormal posterior curve of the spine(hunchback)
lordosis - excessive concave (inward) curve of the spine
(swayback)
osteomyelitis - bone infection, usually caused by a bloodborne
pathogen
osteoporosis - condition in which bones become full of tiny holes,
causing them to break easily
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rickets - condition in which bones are soft because they do not
calcify
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Common in women after menopause
Often caused by a lack of calcium and phosphorus in the diet
scoliosis - lateral (to the side) curve of the spine
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arthrodesis - surgical fixation of a joint
caudocephalad - from tail or coccyx to head
cephalalgia - pain in the head; headache
cephalocentesis - surgical puncture of the head
cerebrootomy - incision into the brain
chondroma - tumor consisting of cartilage
costochondral - pertaining to a rib and its cartilage
craniomalacia - softening of the skull bones
craniosclerosis - thickening of the skull bones
dactyledema - excess fluid in the fingers and toes
dactylology - representing words by signs made with the fingers
(sign language)
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dactylus - toe or finger
iliotibial - pertaining to the ileum and tibia
lumbosacral - pertaining to the lumbar vertebrae and the sacrum
myelitis - inflammation of the spinal cord or bone marrow
osteomalacia - softening of the bones
osteoplasty - plastic repair of the bone
osteosarcoma - malignant tumor of the bone
osteotomy- incision into the bone
phalanx - finger or toe bone
prosthesis - artificial organ or part of the body
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appendicular
axial
brittle
calcify
cartilage
circulation
components
conception
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embryo
fixation
flexible
lateral
penetrates
porous
sedentary
spontaneous
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The Muscular System
The muscles in your body help you to move your arms
and legs. They also help to move food, blood, and other
materials around your body. In this section, you will learn
about the types of muscle, their functions, and their
movements. You will review the different muscles of the
muscular system and learn disorders related to muscles.
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Match key terms with their correct meanings.
 Explain the difference between muscle and bone
functions.
 List three major functions of the muscles.
 Match common disorders of the muscular system with
their descriptions.
 Match basic muscle movements to their correct names.
 Label a diagram of the muscular system.
 Describe how muscles provide support and movement.
 Explain why the health care worker’s understanding of
the muscular system is important.
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The main functions of muscles are to:
 Produce heat
 Produce movement
 Maintain posture
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Types of muscle include:
 Voluntary muscles – contract when you want to move
 Involuntary muscles – contract automatically
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Muscle tissues include:
 Skeletal muscles or striated muscles – voluntary muscles
 Visceral muscles or smooth muscles
 Cardiac muscle
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Adduct
 Moving a body part toward the midline
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Abduct
 Moving a body part away from the midline
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Extend
 Increase the angle of the muscle
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Flex
 Decreases the angle of the muscle
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Rotate
 Turing a body part on its axis
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Supination and pronation
 Rotation movement
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fibrositis - inflammation of connective tissue
muscle strain - trauma to the muscle, usually caused by
a violent contraction
muscular dystrophy - deterioration of muscle tissue that
progresses over time
myalgia - muscle pain
torn muscle - tear of the muscle tissue, usually caused
by extreme trauma to the muscle
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myasthenia - muscle weakness
myocardium - heart muscle or cardiac muscle
myocele - muscular protrusion (bulge)through a muscle
myocelialgia - pain of the abdominal muscle
myogenic - beginning with muscle
myography - record of muscle contractions
myoid - resembling muscle
myoma - tumor containing muscle tissue
myomelanosis - abnormal darkening of muscle tissue
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myoparesis - weakness or partial paralysis of a muscle
myosclerosis - hardening of a muscle
myothermic - pertaining to a rise in muscle temperature
tenorrhaphy - suturing of a tendon
tenositis - inflammation of a tendon
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actin
axis
contract
contraction
deteriorate
digestion
elastic
involuntary
myosin
voluntary
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