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Medical Language
Second Edition
CHAPTER
9
Orthopedics
Medical Language, Second Edition
Susan Turley
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Learning Objectives
1. Identify the structures of the muscular
system.
2. Describe how muscles contract and
produce movement.
3. Describe common muscular diseases
and conditions, laboratory and diagnostic
procedures, medical and surgical
procedures, and drug categories.
Medical Language, Second Edition
Susan Turley
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Learning Objectives
4. Give the medical meaning of word parts
related to the muscular system.
5. Build muscular words from word parts
and divide and define muscular words.
6. Spell and pronounce muscular words.
7. Analyze the medical content and
meaning of an orthopedic report.
Medical Language, Second Edition
Susan Turley
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Learning Objectives
8. Dive deeper into orthopedics (muscular)
by reviewing the activities at the end of
this chapter and online at Medical
Terminology Interactive.
Medical Language, Second Edition
Susan Turley
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Multimedia Directory
Slide 20
Slide 35
Slide 36
Slide 37
Slide 38
Slide 39
Slide 40
Slide 41
Slide 42
Slide 43
Slide 68
Slide 70
Muscles Animation
Elbow Flexion Movement Animation
Elbow Pronation Movement Animation
Ankle Dorsiflexion Movement Animation
Hand Opposition Movement Animation
Humerus Adduction Movement Animation
Humerus Circumduction Movement Animation
Humerus Rotation Movement Animation
Wrist Circumduction Movement Animation
Wrist Flexion Movement Animation
Muscular Atrophy Video
Muscular Dystrophy Video
Medical Language, Second Edition
Susan Turley
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Multimedia Directory
Slide 92
Slide 93
Slide 94
Slide 95
Massage Therapist Video
Massage Therapy Changes Video
Massage Therapy and Ethical Situations Video
Chiropractor Video
Medical Language, Second Edition
Susan Turley
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Orthopedics (Muscular)
• The medical specialty that studies the
anatomy and physiology of the muscular
and skeletal systems and uses diagnostic
tests, medical and surgical procedures,
and drugs to treat muscular and skeletal
diseases.
Medical Language, Second Edition
Susan Turley
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Figure 9-1 Muscular system
Medical Language, Second Edition
Susan Turley
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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Anatomy and Physiology
• The muscular system moves the bony
framework of the body
• Approximately 700 skeletal muscles in the
body, as well as tendons and other
structures of the muscular system
• Some skeletal muscles are readily visible
on the surface of the body, while others
are located more deeply.
Medical Language, Second Edition
Susan Turley
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Anatomy and Physiology (cont’d)
• All of the muscles of the body (or the
muscles in a particular part of the body)
are referred to as the musculature.
• The muscular system is also known as the
musculoskeletal system because, without
the muscles, the bones would not be able
to move, and without the bones, the
muscles would lack support.
Medical Language, Second Edition
Susan Turley
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Anatomy of the Muscular System
• Types of Muscles
– Skeletal muscles
– Cardiac muscle
– Smooth muscles
Medical Language, Second Edition
Susan Turley
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Anatomy of the Muscular System
(cont’d)
• Skeletal Muscles
– Provide the means by which the body can
move.
– Are voluntary muscles that contract and relax
in response to conscious thought.
– Are also striated and show bands of color
when seen under the microscope.
– Of the three types of muscles, only skeletal
muscle belongs to the muscular system.
Medical Language, Second Edition
Susan Turley
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Anatomy of the Muscular System
(cont’d)
• Cardiac Muscle
– The cardiac muscle or heart pumps blood
through the circulatory system.
– It is an involuntary muscle that is not under
conscious control.
Medical Language, Second Edition
Susan Turley
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Anatomy of the Muscular System
(cont’d)
• Smooth Muscles
– Are involuntary, nonstriated muscles
– Form a continuous, thin layer around many
organs and structures (blood vessels,
intestines, etc.)
Medical Language, Second Edition
Susan Turley
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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Figure 9-2 Types of muscle
Medical Language, Second Edition
Susan Turley
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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Muscle Origins, Insertions,
and Related Structures
• A muscle is attached to a bone by a
tendon, a cordlike, nonelastic, white
fibrous band of connective tissue.
• The origin or beginning of a muscle is
where its tendon is attached to a
stationary or nearly stationary bone.
Medical Language, Second Edition
Susan Turley
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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Muscle Origins, Insertions,
and Related Structures (cont’d)
• The insertion or ending of a muscle is
where its tendon is attached to the bone
that moves when the muscle contracts
and relaxes.
• The belly of a muscle is where its mass is
the greatest, usually midway between the
origin and insertion.
Medical Language, Second Edition
Susan Turley
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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Muscle Origins, Insertions,
and Related Structures (cont’d)
• A bursa, a long, thin synovial membrane
filled with synovial fluid, acts as a cushion
to reduce friction where a tendon rubs
against the bone.
• Each muscle is wrapped in fascia, a thin
connective tissue that joins to the tendon.
• Aponeurosis is connective tissue that
attaches a flat muscle to bone or to other,
deeper muscles.
Medical Language, Second Edition
Susan Turley
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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Muscle Origins, Insertions,
and Related Structures (cont’d)
• Retinaculum is a band of fibrous tissue
and fascia that holds down the extensor
and flexor tendons that cross the wrist and
ankle.
Medical Language, Second Edition
Susan Turley
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Muscles Animation
Click on the screenshot to view an animation on the topic of muscles.
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Figure 9-3 Tendon
Medical Language, Second Edition
Susan Turley
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Muscle Names
• Muscle names are in Latin.
• They describe where the muscle is
located, its shape, its size, or what action it
performs.
Medical Language, Second Edition
Susan Turley
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Table 9-1 Muscle Names and Their Meanings
Medical Language, Second Edition
Susan Turley
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Table 9-1 (cont’d) Muscle Names and Their Meanings
Medical Language, Second Edition
Susan Turley
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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Figure 9-4 Origin and insertion of a muscle
Medical Language, Second Edition
Susan Turley
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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Types of Muscle Movement
• Muscles function in antagonistic pairs to
produce movement.
• These are opposite movements controlled
by muscle pairs:
– Flexion and extension
– Abduction and adduction
– Rotation to the right and to the left
– Supination and pronation
– Eversion and inversion
Medical Language, Second Edition
Susan Turley
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Table 9-2 Types of Muscle Movement
Medical Language, Second Edition
Susan Turley
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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Table 9-2 (cont’d) Types of Muscle Movement
Medical Language, Second Edition
Susan Turley
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Table 9-2 (cont’d) Types of Muscle Movement
Medical Language, Second Edition
Susan Turley
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Table 9-2 (cont’d) Types of Muscle Movement
Medical Language, Second Edition
Susan Turley
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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Figure 9-5 Extension, abduction, and dorsiflexion
Rubberball/Getty Images Inc – Rubberball-Royalty Free
Medical Language, Second Edition
Susan Turley
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Figure 9-6 Extension, adduction, pronation, abduction, flexion, and plantar flexion
Mark Anderson/Rubberball/Getty Images Inc – Rubberball-Royalty Free
Medical Language, Second Edition
Susan Turley
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Figure 9-7 Rotation
Medical Language, Second Edition
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Figure 9-8 Extension, supination, abduction, flexion, and inversion
Anthony Saint James/Getty Images – Photodisc-Royalty Free
Medical Language, Second Edition
Susan Turley
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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Elbow Flexion Movement
Animation
Click on the screenshot to view an animation on the movement of the elbow.
Medical Language, Second Edition
Susan Turley
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Elbow Pronation Movement
Animation
Click on the screenshot to view an animation on the pronation of the elbow.
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Ankle Dorsiflexion Movement
Animation
Click on the screenshot to view an animation on the movement of the ankle.
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Hand Opposition Movement
Animation
Click on the screenshot to view an animation on the movement of the hand.
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Humerus Adduction Movement
Animation
Click on the screenshot to view an animation on the movement of the humerus.
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Humerus Circumduction
Movement Animation
Click on the screenshot to view an animation on the movement of the humerus.
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Susan Turley
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Humerus Rotation Movement
Animation
Click on the screenshot to view an animation on the rotation of the humerus.
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Susan Turley
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Wrist Circumduction Movement
Animation
Click on the screenshot to view an animation on the movement of the wrist.
Medical Language, Second Edition
Susan Turley
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Wrist Flexion Movement
Animation
Click on the screenshot to view an animation on the movement of the wrist.
Medical Language, Second Edition
Susan Turley
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Muscles of the Head and Neck
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Frontalis
Temporalis
Orbicularis oculi
Orbicularis oris
Masseter
Buccinator
Sternocleidomastoid
Platysma
Medical Language, Second Edition
Susan Turley
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Figure 9-9 Muscles of the head and neck
Medical Language, Second Edition
Susan Turley
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Muscles of the Shoulders, Chest,
and Back
•
•
•
•
•
Deltoid
Pectoralis major
Intercostal muscles
Trapezius
Latissimus dorsi
Medical Language, Second Edition
Susan Turley
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 9-10 Muscles of the shoulder and chest
Medical Language, Second Edition
Susan Turley
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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Figure 9-11 Muscles of the shoulder and back
Medical Language, Second Edition
Susan Turley
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Muscles of the Upper Extremity
•
•
•
•
Biceps brachii
Triceps brachii
Brachioradialis
Thenar muscles
Medical Language, Second Edition
Susan Turley
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Figure 9-12 Muscles of the upper extremity
Medical Language, Second Edition
Susan Turley
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 9-13 Extensor muscles of the forearm and the extensor retinaculum
Reprinted from McMinn’s Color Atlas of Human Anatomy, 2/E. McMinn, Hutchings, Human
Anatomy, 19,46,66,71.78,127,137,237,238. Copyright 2002, with permission from Elsevier.
Medical Language, Second Edition
Susan Turley
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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Muscles of the Abdomen
• External abdominal oblique
• Internal abdominal oblique
• Rectus abdominis
Medical Language, Second Edition
Susan Turley
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Figure 9-14 Muscles of the abdomen
Medical Language, Second Edition
Susan Turley
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Muscles of the Lower Extremity
• Anterior Leg
– Rectus femoris
– Sartorius
– Vastus lateralis and vastus medialis
– Peroneus longus
– Tibialis anterior
Medical Language, Second Edition
Susan Turley
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Muscles of the Lower Extremity
(cont’d)
• Posterior Leg
– Gluteus maximus
– Biceps femoris
– Semitendinosus and semimembranosus
– Gastrocnemius
Medical Language, Second Edition
Susan Turley
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Muscles of the Lower Extremity
(cont’d)
• Quadriceps femoris is a collective name
for the group of four muscles on the
anterior aspect of the thigh:
– Rectus femoris
– Vastus lateralis
– Vastus intermedius (beneath the vastus
lateralis)
– Vastus medialis
Medical Language, Second Edition
Susan Turley
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Muscles of the Lower Extremity
(cont’d)
• Hamstrings is a collective name for the
group of three muscles on the posterior
aspect of the thigh:
– Biceps femoris
– Semitendinosus
– Semimembranosus
Medical Language, Second Edition
Susan Turley
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Figure 9-15 Muscles of the lower extremity.
Medical Language, Second Edition
Susan Turley
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Figure 9-16 Growth and development milestones
Pearson Education/PH College
Medical Language, Second Edition
Susan Turley
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Physiology of a Muscle
Contraction
• A muscle is composed of several muscle
fascicles, each of which is wrapped in
fascia and connected to the tendon.
• Each muscle fascicle is a bundle of
individual muscle fibers.
Medical Language, Second Edition
Susan Turley
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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Physiology of a Muscle
Contraction (cont’d)
• These muscle fibers run parallel to each
other so that, when they contract, they all
pull in the same direction.
• A muscle fiber (which is actually one long
muscle cell) has hundreds of nuclei along
its length to speed up the chemical
processes that must occur before it can
contract.
Medical Language, Second Edition
Susan Turley
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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Physiology of a Muscle
Contraction (cont’d)
• Each muscle fiber is composed of
myofibrils that contain the proteins actin
and myosin.
• A muscle contracts in response to an
electrical impulse from a nerve.
• Each muscle fiber is connected to a single
nerve cell at the neuromuscular junction.
Medical Language, Second Edition
Susan Turley
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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Physiology of a Muscle
Contraction (cont’d)
• Acetylcholine is a chemical messenger that
changes the permeability of the muscle
fiber, which shortens the muscle and
produces a muscle contraction.
• Muscles are in a state of mild, partial
contraction because of nerve impulses
from the brain and spinal cord.
Medical Language, Second Edition
Susan Turley
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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Figure 9-17 Parts of a muscle
Medical Language, Second Edition
Susan Turley
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 9-18 Muscle strength and size
Medical Language, Second Edition
Susan Turley
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Diseases and Conditions
• Diseases of the Muscles
– Atrophy
– Avulsion
– Compartment syndrome
– Contracture
– Fibromyalgia
Medical Language, Second Edition
Susan Turley
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Figure 9-19 Muscle contracture
Michal Heron/Pearson Education/PH College
Medical Language, Second Edition
Susan Turley
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Muscular Atrophy Video
Click on the screenshot to view a video on the topic of muscular atrophy.
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Diseases and Conditions (cont’d)
• Diseases of the Muscles (cont’d)
– Hyperextension-hyperflexion injury
– Muscle contusion
– Muscle spasm
– Muscle strain
– Muscular dystrophy
Medical Language, Second Edition
Susan Turley
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Muscular Dystrophy Video
Click on the screenshot to view a video on the topic of muscular dystrophy.
Medical Language, Second Edition
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Figure 9-20
Muscular dystrophy
Pearson Education/PH College
Medical Language, Second Edition
Susan Turley
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Diseases and Conditions (cont’d)
• Diseases of the Muscles
– Myalgia
– Myasthenia gravis
– Myopathy
– Myositis
Medical Language, Second Edition
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Diseases and Conditions (cont’d)
• Diseases of the Muscles (cont’d)
– Repetitive strain injury (RSI)
– Rhabdomyoma
– Rhabdomyosarcoma
– Rotator cuff tear
Medical Language, Second Edition
Susan Turley
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Diseases and Conditions (cont’d)
• Movement Disorders
– Ataxia
– Bradykinesia
– Dyskinesia
– Hyperkinesis
– Restless legs syndrome (RLS)
– Tremor
Medical Language, Second Edition
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Diseases and Conditions (cont’d)
• Diseases of the Bursa, Fascia, or Tendon
– Bursitis
– Dupuytren’s contracture
– Fasciitis
– Ganglion
– Pitcher’s elbow
Medical Language, Second Edition
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Figure 9-21 Ganglion
Dr. P. Marazzi/Photo Researchers, Inc.
Medical Language, Second Edition
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Diseases and Conditions (cont’d)
• Diseases of the Bursa, Fascia, or Tendon
(cont’d)
– Shin splints
– Tendonitis
– Tennis elbow
– Tenosynovitis
Medical Language, Second Edition
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Laboratory and Diagnostic
Procedures
• Blood Tests
– Acetylcholine receptor antibody
– Creatine phosphokinase (CPK-MM)
Medical Language, Second Edition
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Laboratory and Diagnostic
Procedures (cont’d)
• Muscle Tests
– Electromyography (EMG)
– Tensilon test
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Medical and Surgical Procedures
• Medical Procedures
– Braces and adaptive devices
– Deep tendon reflexes (DTR)
Medical Language, Second Edition
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Figure 9-22 Braces
Glaser & Associates/Custom Medical Stock Photo, Inc.
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Figure 9-23 Deep tendon reflex
PhotoAlto/Ale Ventura/Getty Images Royalty Free - PhotoAlto
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Figure 9-24 Active exercise
Jupiter Images – PictureArts Corporation
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Medical and Surgical Procedures
(cont’d)
• Medical Procedures (cont’d)
– Muscle strength test
– Rehabilitation exercises
– Trigger point injections
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Medical and Surgical Procedures
(cont’d)
• Surgical Procedures
– Fasciectomy
– Fasciotomy
– Ganglionectomy
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Medical and Surgical Procedures
(cont’d)
• Surgical Procedures (cont’d)
– Muscle biopsy
– Myorrhaphy
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Medical and Surgical Procedures
(cont’d)
• Surgical Procedures (cont’d)
– Tenorrhaphy
– Thymectomy
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Drug Categories
• These categories of drugs are used to
treat muscular Diseases and Conditions:
– Analgesic drugs
– Beta-blocker drugs
– Corticosteroid drugs
– Drugs for fibromyalgia
– Drugs for myasthenia gravis
Medical Language, Second Edition
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Drug Categories
• These categories of drugs are used to
treat muscular Diseases and Conditions:
– Muscle relaxant drugs
– Neuromuscular blocker drugs
– Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
(NSAIDs)
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Figure 9-25 Intramuscular injection
Elena Dorfman/Pearson Education/PH College
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Abbreviations
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Massage Therapist Video
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Massage Therapy Changes Video
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Massage Therapy and Ethical
Situations Video
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therapy.
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Chiropractor Video
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