Download Chapter 32 - Cloudfront.net

The HUMAN BODY
Chapter 32
Skeletal, Muscular, and
Integumentary Systems
Chapter 32.1 Skeletal System
• Objectives
– List the structures and
functions of the skeletal system
– Describe the structure of a
typical bone
– List and describe the different
kinds of joints
SKELETAL SYSTEM
• Functions:
– Provides shape and
support
– Allows movement
– Protects tissues and
organs
– Stores certain minerals
– Produces blood cells
Skeleton Components
• Made up of
approximately 206
bones
• Bones held together
by ligaments
• Bones attached to
muscle by tendons
Skeleton- Bones
• Cartilage- strong, connective tissue that
supports the body; softer, more flexible than
bone
– Ossification- process of bone formation, cartilage
replaced by bone
– Cushions bones & Reduces friction
Skeleton- Bones
• Bones: solid network of living cells and protein
fibers that are surrounded by deposits of calcium
– Contains marrow:
• Yellow marrow- mainly made of fat cells
• Red marrow- produces blood cells
Skeletal Joints
• Joints- any place where two
bones come together
• Joint types:
– Movable
• Pivot, ball-and-socket, hinge,
saddle
– Semi-movable
• Vertebrae
– Immovable
• Cranium, sacrum
Skeletal System Disorders
• Arthritis:
inflammation of joint
• Osteoporosis: loss of
calcium in bones leads
to weakening of bones
Check-in
• Review bones of body
• What holds bone to bone?
– Ligaments
• What holds muscle to bone?
– Tendons
Check-in
• What are the functions of the skeletal
system?
– Shape and support, allows movement, protects
tissues and organs, mineral storage, produces
blood cells
• Process by which cartilage is replaced by
bone
– Ossification
Check-in
• Strong connective tissue more flexible than
bone
– Cartilage
• Place where two bones come together
– Joint
• Disorder that causes inflammation of joints
– Arthritis
Check-in
• Dense bone containing
Haversian canals
• Outer layer of bone
• Contains fat cells
• Produces blood cells
• Adds strength w/o mass
• Yellow
marrow
• Compact bone
• Periosteum
• Spongy bone
• Red marrow
Chapter 32.2 Muscular System
• Objectives
– Describe the structure and
function of the three types of
muscle tissue
– Describe how muscles contract
– Describe how muscle
contractions produce
movement
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
• Muscles - bundles of fibers
that work together to allow
for movement and structure
Muscles- 3 Types
• Skeletal– Attaches to and moves bones;
voluntary
• Smooth– Controls breathing, digestive
system; involuntary
• Cardiac– Found only in heart;
involuntary
Check-in
• What muscle type(s) is/are striated?
– Skeletal and cardiac
• What muscle type moves bones?
– Skeletal
• What muscle type is found in digestive
system?
– Smooth
• What muscle type(s) is/are involuntary?
– Smooth and cardiac
Muscle Action
• Muscles work in pairs- one
contracts, the other relaxes
– Biceps, Triceps
• Flexor
– Decrease angle between bones
(eg. Biceps)
• Extensor
– Increase angle between bones (eg.
Triceps)
How do muscles contract?
• Nerve tissue sends message to muscle to
contract/relax
– Electrochemical signal sent to muscle via nerve
– Signal causes release of Calcium ions which
react with protein (myosin and actin) in muscle
cells
– Muscles react by having their long filaments
slide past each other
– Muscle cells get closer- they contract
Muscle Contraction Video Clip
Check-in
• Type of muscle that decrease angle between
bones.
– Flexor
• Muscle contraction begins with
– Nerve impulse
• Two proteins found in skeletal muscles
– Actin and myosin
Chapter 32.3 Integumentary
System
• Objectives
– State the functions of the
integumentary system
– Identify the structures of the
integumentary system
Integumentary System
• Function:
– Communication of pain, pressure, temperature
– Protection of body:
•
•
•
•
•
•
Prevents dehydration
Regulates body temperature
Barrier for disease/infection
Covers and holds in organs
Removes waste products
Barrier for sun’s UV rays
Layers of the Skin
Epidermis: outermost layer
-Two layers:
-Inner layer: living cells
-Outer layer: dead cells
-Contains:
-Keratin (waterproofing)
-Melanocytes (produces pigment)
Layers of Skin
• Dermis: middle layer
– Irregular ridges between dermis and epidermis form fingerprints
Contains:
-Hair follicles/roots
-Sweat glands
-Sebaceous (oil) glands
-Arrector pili muscle
-Nerves
-Blood Vessels
Layers of Skin
• Hypodermis (Subcutaneous Layer):
Innermost layer
– Contains:
• Adipose (fat) cells: cushion,
insulation, anchors skin, etc.
• Blood vessels: temp. regulation,
nutrients, etc.
• Nerves: temp., pressure, pain
An inside look at the skin!
Derivatives of Skin
• Hair:
– Dead epidermal cells
– Forms from bulb/root
• Nails:
– Sheets of keratinized cells
– Forms from nail bed
Check-in
• Describe the two layers of the epidermis
– Inner layer of living cells and
– Outer layer of dead cells
• Cell that produces pigment (found in
epidermis)
– Melanocyte
• Protein that waterproofs skin and forms hair
and nails
– Keratin
Check-in
• Describe what the structures of the dermis
do when you are hot.
– Sweat glands produce sweat
– Blood vessels widen to bring more heat to
surface of skin
• This part of the hypodermis cushions,
insulates and helps to anchor skin
– Adipose cells
Check-in
• Why do we have hair?
– Protect head from UV rays, insulation, prevent
dirt from entering body
• Communicate pain, pressure, temperature to
brain
– Nerves