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Protection, Support, and Movement Starr/Taggart’s Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life, Chapter 38 9e Key Concepts: Nearly all animals have an integument, a skeleton, and muscles Skin protects the body from environmental insults The categories of skeletal systems include hydrostatic skeletons, exoskeletons, and endoskeletons Bones function in movement, support, and protection Key Concepts: Blood cells form in bones Muscles move body parts by contractions Smooth muscle and cardiac muscle are responsible for the motions of internal organs The sarcomere is the basic unit of contractions within muscle cells Integumentary System Cuticle Roundworms Insects Arthropods Vertebrates Skin Epidermis Dermis Structures Derived from Skin Hair Nails Feathers Human Skin Epidermis Stratified epithelium Keratinocytes Keratin Melanocytes Melanin Glands Sweat Sympathetic system control Palms, soles, forehead, armpits Oil Lubricate Types of Skeletons Hydrostatic Invertebrates Sea anemone Earthworm Exoskeleton Shells Arthropods • Hinge joints • Muscle attachments Types of Skeletons Endoskeleton Vertebrates Most animals Bones Sharks Cartilage Shark, Reptile, & Mammal Functions of Bones Movement Protection Support Mineral storage Blood cell formation Bone Structure Shapes Long Short Irregular Calcium hardened Collagen fibers Ground Substance Types Compact Haversian System Spongy Red and Yellow Marrow Bone Structure Bone Formation Cells Osteoblasts Osteoclasts Osteocytes Tissue turnover Development from cartilage Human Skeleton System Appendicular Axial Pectoral girdle Skull Arm, hand bones 12 Pairs of Ribs Pelvic girdle 26 Vertebrae Leg, foot bones Intervertebral disks Breastbone Skeletal Joints Between bones Types Fibrous Cartilaginous Synovial Ligaments Bone to bone Tendons Muscle to bones Skeletal - Muscular Systems Tendon sheath Functional Organization of Muscle Muscle bundle Myofibril Sarcomere Unit of contraction Filaments • Thin (Actin) • Thick (Myosin) Sliding Filament Model of Contraction Pulling interactions among filaments in sarcomere Actin filaments extend from Z lines Myosin filaments overlaps part of Actin Muscle contraction Cross-bridge formation Myosin pulls actin toward the center of the sarcomere Sliding Filament Model of Contraction Before Contraction Z Z After Contraction Z Length of sarcomere shortens with contraction but filament length is unchanged Myosin Actin Z Control of Muscle Contraction Signal from motor neuron causes action potential in muscle cell Calcium ions released from sarcoplasmic reticulum Actin and myosin filaments interact to bring about contraction The Control Mechanism Troponin Tropomyosin Actin Calcium binds to troponin exposing myosin binding sites Sources of Energy for Contraction Properties of Whole Muscles Muscle Tension Mechanical force a contracting muscle exerts on an object Contractions Isometric Isotonic Lengthening Properties of Whole Muscles Motor unit Motor neuron All muscle cells that form junctions with its endings Muscle response Twitch Tetanus Fatigue Muscle Contraction Aerobic Exercise and Strength Training Aerobic Not Intense Long duration Increase in number of mitochondria Increase energy production Improve endurance Strength Weightlifting Glycolysis In Conclusion Most animals have an integumentary system which may include a cuticle or skin Skin protects against environmental injury and has sensory receptors Skin consists of layers of dead keratinized and melanin-shielded epithelial cells Skin consists of two regions: epidermis and dermis In Conclusion The epidermis consists of layers of dead keratinized and melanin-shielded epithelial cells The dermis contains glands Contractile cells move animal parts There are three types of skeletons: hydrostatic, exoskeleton, and endoskeleton In Conclusion Bones are mineralized and function in protection, and support of body parts The human skeleton is divided into appendicular and axial portions Skeletal joints are areas found between bones In Conclusion Cells of smooth, cardiac, and skeletal muscle contract in response to adequate stimulation Tendons attach muscle to bones The sarcomere is the basic unit of contraction in a muscle cell In Conclusion The sliding-filament model explains how myosin pulls actin towards the middle of the sarcomere There are 3 metabolic pathways for ATP production for muscle cells A motor unit is a motor neuron and muscle cells that form junctions with its endings developed by M. Roig
