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Skeletal System Chp. 7 Types of Bones • • • • Long – femur, tibia, humorus, phalange Short – carpals, tarsals Flat – frontal, parietal, sternum, ribs Irregular – vertebra, mandible, coxal Fractures • • • • • • Open – breaks the skin Closed – encased in the skin Simple – 1 crack Compound – multiple cracks Greenstick - youth Stress – overuse problem, microscopic breaks • Spiral – around the bone Tendons • • • • • • Attach muscle to bone Achilles Calcaneal Tennis Elbow Tendonitis Carpal-tunnel syndrome Ligaments • • • • • • • • Attaches bone to bone MCL – medial collateral ligament LCL – lateral collateral ligament PCL – Posterior cruciate ligament ACL – Anterior cruciate ligament 1 degree - stretching 2 degree – partially tearing 3 degree – complete tear (avulsion) Bone Structure Bone Development and Growth • • • • Ossification types Intermembraneous Interchondral • Osteocytes • Osteoclast • Osteoblast Organization of the Skeleton • Axial • • • • skull - head hyoid – anchors tongue vertebral column – backbone thoracic cage - chest • Appendicular • • • • pectoral girdle - shoulder upper limbs – arms pelvic girdle – hips lower limbs - legs • Name • Femur location thigh # 2 Axial skeleton (skull) • • • • 22 bones? Sutures sinus Cranium – frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, sphenoid, ethmoid • Facial – maxillary, palatine, zygomatic, lacrimal, nasal, vomer, inferior nasal conchae, mandible • Infantile skull - fontanels Sinus • • • • Frontal Sphenoid Ethmoid Maxillary Axial skeleton (vertebral column) • Vertebra • • • • • Cervical Thoracic Lumbar Sacrum coccyx Axial skeleton (thoracic cage) • Sternum – manubrium, xiphoid process • Ribs – true • false • floating Apendicular Skeleton • • • • Pectoral girdle Upper limb Pelvic girdle Lower limb Apendicular Skeleton (pectoral girdle) • Hannah Montana-Bone dance - Google Video Pectorial Girdle • • • • • • • • Clavical Scapula Humerus Ulna Radius Carpals Metacarpals Phalanges of the hand Carpals, metacarpals, phalanges of the hand Humerus scapula Ulna and radius • • • • • • • • Coxal Femur Tibia Fibula Patella Tarsels Metatarsels Phalanges of the foot Pelvic girdle coxal Tarsels, metatarsels, phalanges of the foot Tibia and fibula femur Apendicular Skeleton (upper limb) Apendicular Skeleton (pelvic girdle) Apendicular Skeleton (lower limb) Joints • Fibrous Joints – sutures, tibia and fibula • Cartilaginous Joints – disk/vertebrate, symphysis pubis, ribs • Synovial Joints Synovial Joints • • • • • • • 1. Ball and Socket – hip, shoulder 2. condyloid – metacarpals and phalanges Oval shape to elliptical 3. gliding – wrist and ankle 4. Hinge – convex to concave elbow, knee 5. pivot – ulna/radius, C-1 &C-2 6. saddle – metacarpal and thumb Types of joint movement • Flexion – decrease in angle of the joint • Extension – increase in the angle of the joint to 180 • Abduction – Away from midline • Adduction - Toward the midline • Dorsiflexion – toes up • Plantar flexion – toes down • Hyperextension - past 180 • Circumduction – 360 circle at end • Rotation – pivot/twist Types of joint movement • • • • • • • • Pronation – palm down Supination – palm up Eversion – sole goes out Inversion – sole goes in Retraction – chin back Protraction – chin out Elevation – move up Depression – move down Skull Quiz • • • • • • • • Cranium Frontal Parietal Occipital Temporal Sphenoid Ethmoid Maxillary Lacrimal • inferior nasal conchae mastoid process foramen magnum mental foramen sella turcica turk’s saddle coronal suture occipital condyloid sagittal suture Zygomatic Nasal mandible
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