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1.2 Understanding Fitness – Introduction to Biomechanics 3 Force What is a force? A push, pull or twist that causes objects to move, speed up, slow down, stop or change direction. Force = Mass x Acceleration Levers are used to apply a force Levers in action: They help us to move ourselves… or other objects. Downward Pressure Resistance Fulcrum (pivot point) Lever arm The distance from the fulcrum (pivot) to the point of force (effort) is called the FORCE ARM The distance from the fulcrum (pivot) to the point of resistance is called the RESISTANCE ARM In the human body, levers are made up of the joints (fulcrum) and the bones that connect them to the objects being moved. Levers in the human body can be manipulated to improve speed and apply large forces at the same time. Levers in Sport If Resistance arm is longer, lever is better for speed and range of movement If Resistance arm is shorter, lever is better for force In 2nd class levers force arm is always longer, therefore 2nd class levers are better for strength or force In 3rd class levers resistance arm is always longer, therefore 3rd class levers are better for speed and range of movement The amount of leverage a person processes is dependent on the length of their body, in particular the length of their arms and legs. Longer levers result in greater speed at the end of the lever arms – this is beneficial for throwing and striking objects. Short levers can be moved with less force and at greater speeds – this is beneficial for moving body parts quickly and applying strength for pushing, pulling and lifting objects. Question: From this information, what can you assume about a shorter person in comparison to a taller person? The length of the lever • The maximum linear speed of any part of a moving lever occurs at the point furthers from the axis. • Amorak Advert • Tiger Swing The inertia of the lever • It is more difficult to rotate a heavier and/or longer levers. • Modified equipment • Paralympic 100m Final The amount of force • The amount of force that can be applied by a muscle varies depending on the strength of the muscle and angle of the joint. • Longer, heavier, external levers give athletes an advantage but performers must be able to lift them. The longer the lever the greater the speed. What about control? Which is easier to control and hit straight – an iron or a driver? Homework Explain the advantages and disadvantages of teaching badminton to young children by using shorter racquets.