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B. Carotid triangle:
 Superiorly:
Posterior belly of digastric
 Anteroinferiorly:
Superior belly of the
omohyoid
 Posteriorly:
Sternomastoid
Roof:
Skin, Superficial fascia
and investing layer of deep cervical fascia
Floor:
◊ Thyrohyoid
muscle
◊ Hyoglossus
◊ Middle
constrictor &
◊ Inferior
constrictor of
pharynx
Contents of Carotid triangle:
Arteries:
 Common carotid artery
 Internal carotid artery
 External carotid artery
Contents of Carotid triangle:
Veins:
 Internal jugular vein
 Common facial vein
 Pharyngeal vein
 Lingual vein
Contents of Carotid triangle:
Nerves:
 Vagus
 Spinal accessory
nerve
 Hypoglossal nerve
 Sympathetic chain
Carotid sheath and
lymph nodes
D. Muscular triangle:
 Anterioly:
Median line of neck
 Posterosuperioly:
Superior belly of the
omohyoid
 Posteroinferiorly:
Sternomastoid muscle
Contents of Muscular triangle:
Infrahyoid
muscles
are chief
contents of
muscular
triangle
The Scalp
THE SCALP:
The soft tissue covering
the cranial vault is
called as scalp
Extent:
Anteriorly:
Supraorbital margins
Posteriorly:
External occipital
protuberance
On each side:
Superior temporal lines
Scalp consists of five
layers:
 Skin
 Close network of
subcutaneous tissue
 Aponeurosis ( galea
aponeurotica with
epicranius muscle)
 Loose subaponeurotic
tissue
 Pericranium
1. Skin:
It is provided with numerous hair and sebaceous
and sweat glands
skin
Subcutaneous
tissue
Galea
aponeurotica
Loose
subaponeurotic
tissue
Pericranium
2. Close network of subcutaneous tissue:
It consists of close network of subcutaneous tissue
which connects the skin with underlying galea
aponeurotica and epicranius muscles
skin
Subcutaneous
tissue
Galea
aponeurotica
Loose
subaponeurotic
tissue
Pericranium
3. Epicranius muscle and its aponeurosis:
The Epicranius includes:
Occipito-frontalis muscle which consists of
 Occipital belly behind
 Frontal belly in front
Galea aponeurotica:
It is a fibrous sheet
which connects
occipitalis and frontalis
muscle
4. Loose subaponeurotic tissue:
(Dangerous area of scalp)
It lies beneath the epicranius muscle and
presents a potential space containing emissary
veins
skin
Subcutaneous
tissue
Galea
aponeurotica
Loose
subaponeurotic
tissue
Pericranium
5. Pericranium:
It is outer periosteum of the skull
skin
Subcutaneous
tissue
Galea
aponeurotica
Loose
subaponeurotic
tissue
Pericranium
Nerve supply:
Ten nerves supply the scalp on each side
Five in front of the auricle Four are sensory and one is motor
Five behind the auricle –
Four are sensory and one is motor
Nerves in front of auricle:
Supra-trochlear
(S)
Supra-orbital (S)
Zygomaticotemporal (S)
Temporal branch
of facial nerve (M)
Auriculotemporal nerve (S)
Nerves behind the auricle:
Posterior branch of
great auricular
nerve(S)
Posterior auricular
branch of facial nerve
(M)
Lesser occipital
nerve (S)
Greater occipital
nerve (S)
Third occipital nerve
(S)
Arterial supply:
Five sets of arteries supply the scalp on each
side
Three in front of the auricle
Two behind the auricle
Arteries in front of the auricle:
 Supra-trochlear
 Supra-orbital
Ophthalmic artery
Superficial temporal
External carotid artery
Arteries behind the auricle:
 Posterior auricular
 Occipital artery
External carotid artery
Venous Drainage:
 Supra-trochlear
 Supra-orbital
 Superficial temporal
 Posterior auricular
 Occipital vein
Emissary veins:
On each side
two sets of
emissary veins
Parietal Superior sagittal
sinus
Mastoid–
Sigmoid sinus
Emissary vein
Sigmoid
sinus
Diploic veins:
Frontal diploic
veinSupra-orbital vein
Occipital diploic
vein–
Occipital vein
Diploic veins
Lymphatic drainage:
Anterior part of scalpPre-auricular
Posterior part of scalp–
Post-auricular
FACIAL
MUSCLES
Topographically, the muscles are grouped
as:
1. Muscle of scalp:
Identify the
muscle?
Occipitofrontalis
muscle
2. Muscles of the auricle:
Identify the muscles?
2. Auricularis
superior
3
1
1. Auricularis
anterior
2
3. Auricularis
posterior
2. Muscles of the eyelids:
2
2. Corrugator
supercilli
1
1. Orbucularis
oculi
Identify the muscles?
4. Muscles of the nose:
4. Depressor
septi
1. Procerus
1
2.Compressor
2 naris
3
4
3. Dilator
naris
5. Muscles around the mouth:
3. Levator labii
superioris
alaequae nasi
3
2
2. Levator
anguli oris
4
4. Levator labii
superioris
1
1. Orbicularis
oris
5. Muscles around the mouth:
5. Zygomaticus
minor
5
6. Zygomaticus
major
6
7
7. Risorius
5. Muscles around the mouth:
10. Depressor
labii angularis
10
9
9. Depressor
labii inferioris
8
8. Mentalis
6. Muscle of the neck:
Platysma
1
Thank
you