Download Session 2 Skeletal st ninians

Human Physiology in the
Development of Performance
D681 12
Session 2
By the end of today’s lesson you should:
• Correctly identify what you have learned from
last week
• Correctly identify the anatomy of a long bone
• Correctly identify the 6 types of synovial joints
and examples of each
• Correctly describe the basic movement
patterns
• Correctly identify and describe the features of
a synovial joint
• Correctly identify the adaptations that occur in
the skeleton due to exercise
Test
• Lets now see what
you have
remembered from
last week
• Anatomical names
of bones
Revision from session 1
• 5 main functions of the skeleton
 Support
 Protection
 Movement
 Blood Cell Production
 Calcium Storage
Revision from session 1
• 5 Types of bone
 Long
 Short
 Flat
 Irregular
 Sesamoid
Structure of a Long Bone
• The following slide contains a diagram of a long bone
• The parts labelled are the most important and a
brief explanation of each is provided on the following
slides
• The terms you require to be most familiar with are:
 Diaphysis
 Epiphysis
 Periosteum
 Medullary Cavity
A Long Bone
Features of a Long Bone; Terms
You Need to Know
Structure
Description
Diaphysis
Centre or shaft
Gives bone length
of the bone
Bulges or ends of Allows attachment
the bone
of tendons and
ligaments
Tough skin like
Protects the bone
coating
Hollow in the
Contains yellow
diaphysis of the
marrow
bone
Epiphysis
Periosteum
Medullary
Cavity
Function
Features of a Long Bone; Other Terms
Structure Description
Cartilage
White rubbery
material
Function
Protects ends of bones
and acts like a shock
absorber
Epiphyseal Line between the Where bone grows
Plate
diaphysis and
longer
epiphysis
Bone
Soft tissue
Red bone marrow
Marrow
which fills the
produces red blood
medullary cavity cells yellow produces
white blood cells
Features of a Long Bone; Other Terms
Structure Description
Function
Collagen
Strengthen bone
during development
Gives bone it’s
strength
Allows bones to be
light yet strong
Compact
bone
Spongy
Bone
Bundles of tough
stringy material
Dense rigid part
of bone
Lies beneath
compact bone in
a criss cross
appearance
Task
• You must now draw
your own long bone
• The bone must be
labelled with all 10
terms found in the
tables above
• Take your time and
make your drawing
big and clear
Activity
• In your groups
think about what a
joint is and then
make a list of all
the joints you can
think of in the
body?
Types of Synovial Joints
• There are 6 basic types of Synovial joints:
Hinge joint
Ball and socket
Pivot joint
Condyloid (Ellipsoid/Ovoid) joint
Gliding joint
Saddle joint
Types of Synovial Joints
Hinge joint
– Joint which only allows movement in one
plane
– Examples: Elbow, Knee and Ankle
Types of Synovial Joints
Ball and socket
– Allows the widest range of movement
– Examples: Shoulder and Hip
Types of Synovial Joints
Pivot joint
– Joint which only allows movement in one plane
– Examples: Radius and Ulna below elbow joint
Top 2 vertebrae in neck (cervicle)
Types of Synovial Joints
Saddle joint
– Joint which allows movement in two
planes
– Example: Metacarpal Thumb joint
Types of Synovial Joints
Gliding joint
– Joint where flat surfaces glide past
each other (normally allow movement in
two planes however may permit
movement in all directions)
– Examples: Carpals, Tarsals, Vertebrae
Types of Synovial Joints
Condyloid (Ellipsoid) joint
– Joint which allows movement usually in
two planes
– Example: Metacarpal and 1st phalange
Radius, Ulna & Carpals (wrist)
Movement Patterns
• Flexion
 Angle between joints is decreased
 Bending action
• Extension
 Straightening action
 Angle between joints is increased
• Hyper Extension
 Extreme extension
 Usually straightening past 180º
Movement Patterns
• Horizontal Flexion
 Bending action on horizontal plane
 Angle between joints is decreased
• Horizontal Extension
 Straightening action on horizontal
plane
 Angle between joints is increased
Movement Patterns
• Abduction
Moving away from
the midline of the
body
• Adduction
Moving towards the
midline of the body
Movement Patterns
• Rotation
 A bone turns around within
it’s axis
 Usually a twisting action
• Circumduction
 A bone turns around within
it’s axis to make a cone
like shape
Movement Patterns
• Dorsi Flexion
 The foot is raised
upwards towards the tibia
• Plantar Flexion
 The toes are pointed
downwards
Movement Patterns
• Supination
 Form of rotation which occurs
when the palm of the hand is
turned to face upwards
• Pronation
 Form of rotation which occurs
when the palm of the hand is
turned to face downwards
Making Movement Patterns Specific
• Whenever you use a movement pattern you
must make it specific to a joint
• Simply saying extension gives us little
information
• If however you say knee extension then we
know exactly what type of extension we
are talking about
• More importantly where in the body you
are talking about
Activity – Charades
• You will now be split
into small groups
• The volunteers will
then swap
• One person in the
• Everyone will get
group will volunteer to
the opportunity to
go first
act out the
movement patterns
• Each volunteer must
to their group
act out the three
movements on the
card and it is up to
those in the group to
correctly name the
movement patterns
Task
• In your small
groups work out
the movement
patterns that are
created during the
exercises listed
and state the joint
that is involved
• Lift phase – when the
weight/body is lifted
• Lower phase – when
the weight is
lowered/body is
lowered
Structure of a Synovial Joint (Knee Joint)
Features of a Synovial Knee Joint
Term
Femur
Description
Thigh bone
Tibia
Lower leg bone (thick)
Fibula
Lower leg bone (fine)
Patella
Knee Cap
Quadriceps
Thigh muscle
Features of a Synovial Knee Joint
Term
Bursa
Cartilage
Ligaments
Description
Fluid-filled sacs, between
bones, ligaments, or other
adjacent structures help
cushion the friction in a joint
Cartilage is found at the end
of bones and helps reduce
the friction of movement
Attach bone to bone
Features of a Synovial Knee Joint
Term
Description
Tendon
Attach bone to muscle
Synovial
Membrane
A tissue called the synovial
membrane lines the joint
and seals it into a joint
capsule.
Synovial fluid (a clear,
sticky fluid) is secreted
from the synovial membrane
around the joint to lubricate
it.
Synovial Fluid
What happens to the skeleton if you take
part in sport or fitness training programme?
• Skeleton =
 Bones
 Ligaments
 Tendons
In your group make a list of all the changes
that you think happen to the skeleton with
exercise
Adaptations to the Skeleton with Exercise
• Increased bone density
• Increased bone strength
• Increased strength of ligaments and
tendons
• Increased flexibility of ligaments and
tendons
You Should Now Be Able To;
• Identify what you have learned from last week
• Identify the anatomical names of the bones in the
upper body
• Identify the 6 types of synovial joints and
examples of each
• Describe the basic movement patterns
• Identify and describe the features of a synovial
joint