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Bones and Skeletal Tissues Cartilage in external ear Cartilage in Intervertebral disc Cartilages in nose Articular Cartilage of a joint Epiglottis Thyroid cartilage Cricoid cartilage Larynx Trachea Lung Costal cartilage Respiratory tube cartilages in neck and thorax Pubic symphysis Meniscus (padlike cartilage in knee joint) Articular cartilage of a joint Bones of skeleton Axial skeleton Appendicular skeleton Cartilages Hyaline cartilages Elastic cartilages Fibrocartilages Figure 6.1 Bones of the Skeleton Two main groups, by location Axial skeleton (brown) Appendicular skeleton (yellow) Cartilage in external ear Cartilage in Intervertebral disc Cartilages in nose Articular Cartilage of a joint Costal cartilage Pubic symphysis Meniscus (padlike cartilage in knee joint) Articular cartilage of a joint Figure 6.1 Classification of Bones by Shape Long bones- longer than they are wide Short bones- cube-shaped bones (in wrist and ankle) Sesamoid bones (within tendons, e.g., patella) Flat bones- thin, flat, slightly curved Irregular bones- complicated shapes Figure 6.2 Functions of Bones 1. Support- for the body and soft organs 2. Protection- for brain, spinal cord, and vital organs 3. Movement- levers for muscle action 4. Storage- minerals (calcium and phosphorus) and growth factors 5. Blood cell formation (hematopoiesis) in marrow cavities 6. Triglyceride (energy) storage in bone cavities Bone Markings Bulges, depressions, and holes serve as Sites of attachment for muscles, ligaments, and tendons Joint surfaces Conduits for blood vessels and nerves Bone Markings: Projections Sites of muscle and ligament attachment Tuberosity—rounded projection Crest—narrow, prominent ridge Trochanter—large, blunt, irregular surface Line—narrow ridge of bone Tubercle—small rounded projection Epicondyle—raised area above a condyle Spine—sharp, slender projection Process—any bony prominence