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Chapter 16
The Bones and Soft Tissue
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Objectives
• Upon completion of this chapter, you
should be able to:
– Explain the difference between the axial and
appendicular skeleton
– Define the functions of the skeletal system
– Define the six types of fractures
– Explain the difference between skeletal,
smooth, and cardiac muscle
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Objectives (cont’d.)
• Upon completion of this chapter, you
should be able to (cont’d.):
– Explain the physiology of a muscle strain
– Describe the function of a nerve cell
– Explain nerve injuries and their treatment
– List the different types of soft tissue injuries
and their treatment
– Explain how the body responds to injuries
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The Skeletal System (cont’d.)
• Functions:
– Aids in body movement
– Supports and protects internal body organs
– Produces red and white blood cells
– Provides a storehouse for minerals
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Bones
• Consist of osteocytes (mature bone cells)
• Made of:
– 35% organic material
– 65% inorganic mineral salts, and water
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Bones (cont’d.)
• Formation:
– Initially consists of collagenous protein fibers
secreted by osteoblasts
– During embryonic development, cartilage is
deposited between fibers
– During the eighth week of embryonic
development, ossification begins
• Mineral matter starts to replace previously formed
cartilage, creating bone
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Injury to Bones
• Fractures
– Simple or closed
– Compound or open
– Comminuted
– Stress
– Epiphyseal plate
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Injury to Bones (cont’d.)
• Fracture signs and symptoms
– Swelling, deformity, pain, tenderness, and
discoloration
• Treatment
– Bones must sometimes be put back in proper
position (i.e., reduction)
– Immobilization through use of a cast
– Surgery
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Muscles
• Principal types of muscles:
– Skeletal
• Under voluntary control
– Smooth
• Involuntary
– Cardiac
• Only found in the heart
• Involuntary
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Characteristics of Muscles
• Four common characteristics:
– Contractibility
– Excitability
– Extensibility
– Elasticity
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Muscle Attachments and Functions
• More than 650 muscles in the body
– Muscles only pull, never push
• Muscles attached to bones by tendons
– Bones are connected at joints
• Muscles are attached at both ends to
bones, cartilage, ligaments, tendons, skin,
or other muscles
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Muscle Attachments and Functions
(cont’d.)
• Origin: part of a skeletal muscle that is
attached to a fixed structure or bone
• Insertion: attached to a movable part
• Belly: central body of the muscle
• Prime mover: movement in a single
direction
– Antagonist: movement in the opposite
direction
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Sources of Energy and Heat
• When muscles work, they move the body
and produce heat
• For muscles to contract and work, they
need energy
– Major source of energy is adenosine
triphosphate
• Cell requires oxygen, glucose, and other materials
– When a muscle is stimulated, ATP is broken
down, producing energy
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Contraction of Skeletal Muscle
• Muscle movement occurs as a result of:
– Myoneural stimulation
– Contraction of muscle proteins
• Skeletal muscles must be stimulated by
nerve impulses to contract
– Begins with action potential, which travels
along muscle fiber length
– Basic source of energy is glucose
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Muscle Fatigue
• Caused by accumulation of lactic acid in
muscles
• During vigorous exercise, blood is unable
to transport enough oxygen for complete
oxidation of glucose in the muscles
– Causes muscles to contract anaerobically
(without oxygen)
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Muscle Tone
• Muscles should always be slightly
contracted and ready to pull (muscle tone)
• Muscle atrophy:
– Wasting or loss of muscle tissue resulting
from disease or lack of use
• Hypertrophy:
– Increase in the mass (size) of a muscle
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Injuries to Muscles
• Strain:
– Caused by twisting or pulling a muscle or
tendon
– Acute or chronic
• Symptoms: pain, muscle spasm, and muscle
weakness
• Treatment: reduce swelling, anti-inflammatory
drugs, surgery, rehabilitation
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Injuries to Muscles (cont’d.)
• Sprain:
– Caused by sudden twist, or a blow to the body
• Symptoms: pain, swelling, bruising, and loss of
ability to move
• Treatment is similar to care for a strain
• Tendonitis:
– Inflammation of the tendon
• Symptoms: pain and inflammation along a tendon
• Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
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Injuries to Muscles (cont’d.)
• Bursitis
– Inflammation of a bursa
• Symptoms: joint pain often mistaken for arthritis
• Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
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Injuries to Muscles (cont’d.)
• Contusion:
– Direct blow that does not break the skin
• Symptoms: swelling, pain to the touch, redness,
and ecchymosis
• Treatment: monitoring, ice, medications,
compressive dressing
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Nerves
• Nerve tissue consists of:
– Neuroglia
• Insulate, support, and protect neurons
– Neurons
• Sensory
• Motor
• Associative
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Nerves (cont’d.)
• Nerves carry impulses by creating electric
charges through membrane excitability
– A synapse is the space between adjacent
neurons through the impulse is transmitted
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Animation – Firing of
Neurotransmitter
Click Here to Play Firing of Neurotransmitters Animation
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Injury to Nerves
• Nerves are fragile and can be damaged by
pressure, stretching, or cutting
– Injury to a nerve can stop signals to and from
the brain
• Causes muscles to become unresponsive and a
loss of feeling in the injured area
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Soft-Tissue Injuries
• Classified as:
– Open
• Abrasions, lacerations, avulsions, and puncture
wounds
– Closed
• Contusions, hematomas, ecchymoses, sprains,
strains, tendonitis, bursitis, and stress-related
injuries
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The Body’s Response to Injury
• Inflammation:
– Reaction to invasion by an infectious agent or
physical, chemical, or traumatic damage
• Regeneration:
– Act of wound healing
• Cellular dedifferentiation:
– Regeneration
– Cells revert to an earlier stage of development
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The Body’s Response to Injury
(cont’d.)
• Transdifferentiation
– Regeneration of cells with completely different
functions than original
• Tissue remodeling
– Cells and molecules of tissue are modified
and reassembled to yield a new composition
of cell types and extracellular matrix
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Animation – Tissue Healing
Click Here to Play Tissue Repair Animation
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Conclusion
• The skeleton
– Provides support and protection to internal
organs
– Foundation for muscle attachment
– Efficient factory for producing red blood cells
• Many injuries associated with athletics are
fractures
– Other injuries involve muscles, attachments,
and various surrounding tissues
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