Download Chapter 11 Assessment and Evaluation of Sports

Chapter 11
Assessment and
Evaluation of Sports
Injuries
Objectives
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Explain the difference between assessment,
evaluation, and diagnosis of an injury.
Describe the various factors that influence the
type and severity of athletic injuries.
Evaluate an athletic injury using the systematic
approach.
Explain the different methods and reasons for
documenting injuries
Assessment

Assessment: orderly collection of objective
and subjective data on the athlete’s health
status
 Collect
medical history
 Objective vs Subjective
 Palpation
 ROM
 Special Tests
Diagnosis
Diagnosis: Using information from
assessment and physical examination
findings to establish the cause and nature
of the athlete’s injury or disease
 Made only by physician or other licensed
health care provider

 Must
remember to work in scope of practice
Influencing Factors

Anthropomorphic Data: size, weight, body
structure, gender, strength, and maturity
level
 College

vs High School
Mechanism of Force: all forces involved at
the time of impact
 Direction,
intensity, duration, position of body
Influencing Factors

Speed: influence type and severity of
injury
 Greater
speed usually equals greater chance
of injury
 Athletes should compete against athletes of
similar level
Influencing Factors

Protective Equipment: better equipment
has helped keep number of injuries down.
 Make

sure equipment is worn properly
Skill Level: beginners are at a greater risk
for injury due to being unfamiliar with basic
techniques
Primary Injury Survey

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Check for serious, life-threatening injuries
Activate EMS if needed
CAB’s
 Circulation:
Check for pulse, coughing, movement
 Airway: Open airway using head tilt/chin lift or jaw
thrust
 Breathing: Listen, look and feel for signs of breathing
Head Tilt vs Jaw Thrust

Head tilt, chin-lift is
used to open airway
of an unconscious
person

Jaw thrust opens the
airway when a spinal
injury is suspected
Secondary Injury Survey


Secondary injury survey is a thorough,
methodical evaluation of an athlete’s overall
health to reveal additional injuries beyond the
initial injury
HOPS
 History
 Observation
 Palpation
 Special
Tests
History
What happened?
 When did injury occur?
 Did you hear a sound?
 Where is the pain?
 What type of pain? Pain Scale?
 Neurological function?
 Prior history?

Observation
What do you see?
 Compare injured to uninjured side
 Deformity?
 Swelling?
 Bleeding?
 Bruising or ecchymoses?

Palpation
Palpation is the touching of the
injured athlete
 Examine uninjured side first
 Palpate firmly enough to produce pain if
present
 Watch for facial expressions or wincing
 Palpate one joint above and below injury

Special Tests
Active range of motion: athlete moves
body part through range
 Passive ROM: examiner moves body part
through range
 Strength: isometric and through ROM
 Stability: ligament laxity tests
 Special Tests

Activity

Functional activity: level of movement the
athlete can comfortably participate in
 Run,

hop, sprint, cut, twist
Sport-specific activity: movements related
to a particular sport
 Volleyball
spike
 Basketball shot
 Soccer kick
Return to Play
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The athlete must exhibit 100% strength in the
injured area.
The athlete must be free from pain.
Skill performance tests must be taken to
determine the athlete’s ability to return to play.
The athlete must exhibit emotional readiness to
return to the chosen activity.
Soft Tissue Injury

Abrasions: occurs
when several layers
of skin are torn loose


Laceration: tear in the
skin
Stitches if more than
¼ inch deep and ½
inch long
Soft Tissue Injury
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Avulsion: injury where
skin is torn off
Keep skin flap if
possible
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Puncture: caused by
sharp, pointed objects
High risk of infection
Care of Soft Tissue Injuries

Clean wound
 Make

sure it is free of dirt and debris
Apply antibiotic ointment
 Help
prevent infection and keeps dressing
from sticking to wound
Apply bandages or non-adherent pad
 Check for signs of infection
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Signs of Infection
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Swelling
Heat
Angry
Redness
Pus
Streaks
Injury to Muscle

Strain: caused by twisting or pulling a
muscle
 Overuse
or acute
 Signs and symptoms: pain, spasm, weakness
 May feel deficit in severe strains
 RICE
 Rehab to increase flexibility and strength
Injury to Ligaments

Sprain: results from a fall, sudden twist, or
blow to the body that forces a joint out of
its normal position
 S/S:
pain, swelling, bruising, loss of ROM
 Severity is classified by grades
Grade I: Mild
 Grade II: Moderate
 Grade III: Severe

Tendonitis
Tendon: fibrous tissue that connects
muscle to bone
 Tendonitis: inflammation of the tendon

 Typically
worse after activity and at night
 Caused by overuse
 Treat with rest, ice, NSAIDs, ultrasound,
rehab
Bursitis


Bursa: located
throughout the body
to decrease friction
between two surfaces
Bursitis: inflammation
of a bursa
 Joint
pain with
movement and at night
Contusions
Direct blow that does not break the skin
 Usually includes ecchymosis or bruising
 Myositis Ossificans
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Documentation of Injuries
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SOAP note
 Subjective,

Objective, Assessment, Plan
Daily Injury Report
 Communication
between coaches on status of
athletes

AT room treatment log
 Athletes
receiving treatments should be
logged in