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Bones and Muscles Lecture 7b MACC Biology 101 Bill Palmer Skeletal System Structures (Anatomy) Bone Cartilage Ligaments Tendons Function (Physiology) Strengthens Protects stores minerals (Calcium, phosphate) Cartilage/Ligaments/Tendons Cartilage Connective tissue Padding in joints Also forms larynx (voice box), trachea, nose and ears Ligaments Tissues that join bone to bone Tendons Tissues that join bone to muscle BONE Bone Connective tissue Provides support Site of blood cell production BONE •Features of a bone 1. Diaphysis = central shaft 2. Epiphyses =expanded ends 3. Marrow Cavity •Red marrow –blood-forming •Yellow marrow –Fat storage Microscopic Features of Bone Osteoblasts Form new bone Osteocytes Provide structure Osteoclasts Break down old bone Human Skeleton Axial skeleton 80 bones=skull, vertebral column, rib cage Appendicular skeleton 126 bones=arms, legs, pelvic and pectoral girdles Types of Breaks There are five different types of fracture: 1. Transverse: Straight across bone 2. Oblique: Diagonal break across bone 3. Spiral: Around the bone 4. Comminuted: Bone is shattered 5. Greenstick: Bone breaks like a stick Types of Breaks Types of Breaks Types of Breaks (Transverse) Types of Breaks (Oblique) Types of Breaks (Spiral) Types of Breaks (Comminuted) Types of Breaks (Greenstick) What type of break is this? Joints Immovable joints Sutures=skull joints Movable joints Ball-and-socket joints • Hip Hinge joints • Elbow Saddle joint • Base of thumb Joints=Immovable joints Joints=Ball and Socket Joints=Hinge Joints=Saddle Osteoporosis Disease in which bones become fragile and more likely to break Symptoms none Table 1. Approximate calcium content of some common foods Food Calcium Prevention=Ca content 115 g (4 oz) whitebait (fried in flour) 980 mg 60 g (2 oz) sardines (including bones) 260 mg 0.2 litre (1/3 pint) semi-skimmed milk 230 mg 0.2 litre (1/3 pint) whole milk 220 mg 3 large slices brown or white bread 215 mg 125 g (41/2 oz) low-fat yogurt 205 mg 30 g (1 oz) hard cheese 190 mg 0.2 litre (1/3 pint) calcium-enriched soya milk 125 g (41/2 oz) calcium-enriched soya yogurt 115 g (4 oz) cottage cheese 180 mg 3 large slices wholemeal bread 125 mg 150 mg 4 - 8 years old 800 mg 8 -18 years old1300 mg 19 -50 years old 1000 mg 145 mg 115 g (4 oz) baked beans 60 mg 115 g (4 oz) boiled cabbage 40 mg Note: measures shown in ounces or pints are approximate conversions only. 51 years and older 1200 mg Osteoporosis Detection Bone density test Treatment Calcium and vitamin D Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) Muscle System Structures 700 Skeletal muscles Five Functions: 1. Posture 2. Balance 3. Support 4. Generates heat 5. Movement Muscle System Every Muscle has: An Origin Fixed part An Insertion Moving part An Action What it does Muscle Muscle facile Muscle fiber • Myofibril Actin and Myocin Wrap-up 1. What are the structures/functions of the skeletal system? 2. Where are the structures of the skeletal system found? 3. What are the functions of bone? 4. What are the components of bone? 5. What are the components of the marrow cavity? Functions? 6. What are the microscopic features of the bone? Functions? Wrap-up 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. What is the axial skeleton? Structures? What is the appendicular skeleton? Label the skeleton diagram. What are the four types of joints? What is Osteoporosis? Prevention? Detection? Treatment? What are the 5 types of joints? Examples? What are the structures of the muscle system? What are the origin, insertion, and action of a muscle? What are the components of muscle?