Download Muscle and Bones

Bones and Muscles
Lecture 7b
MACC Biology 101
Bill Palmer
Skeletal System
Structures (Anatomy)
Bone
Cartilage
Ligaments
Tendons
Function (Physiology)
Strengthens
Protects
stores minerals
(Calcium, phosphate)
Cartilage/Ligaments/Tendons
Cartilage
Connective tissue
Padding in joints
Also forms larynx (voice box), trachea, nose and ears
Ligaments
Tissues that join bone to bone
Tendons
Tissues that join bone to muscle
BONE
Bone
Connective tissue
Provides support
Site of blood cell production
BONE
•Features of a bone
1. Diaphysis = central shaft
2. Epiphyses =expanded
ends
3. Marrow Cavity
•Red marrow
–blood-forming
•Yellow marrow
–Fat storage
Microscopic Features of Bone
Osteoblasts
Form new bone
Osteocytes
Provide structure
Osteoclasts
Break down old bone
Human Skeleton
Axial skeleton
80 bones=skull, vertebral column,
rib cage
Appendicular skeleton
126 bones=arms, legs, pelvic and
pectoral girdles
Types of Breaks
There are five different types of fracture:
1. Transverse: Straight across bone
2. Oblique: Diagonal break across bone
3. Spiral: Around the bone
4. Comminuted: Bone is shattered
5. Greenstick: Bone breaks like a stick
Types of Breaks
Types of Breaks
Types of Breaks (Transverse)
Types of Breaks (Oblique)
Types of Breaks (Spiral)
Types of Breaks (Comminuted)
Types of Breaks (Greenstick)
What type of break is this?
Joints
Immovable joints
Sutures=skull joints
Movable joints
Ball-and-socket joints
• Hip
Hinge joints
• Elbow
Saddle joint
• Base of thumb
Joints=Immovable joints
Joints=Ball and Socket
Joints=Hinge
Joints=Saddle
Osteoporosis
Disease in which
bones become fragile
and more likely to
break
Symptoms
none
Table 1. Approximate calcium content of some
common foods
Food
Calcium
Prevention=Ca
content
115 g (4 oz) whitebait (fried in flour)
980 mg
60 g (2 oz) sardines (including bones)
260 mg
0.2 litre (1/3 pint) semi-skimmed milk
230 mg
0.2 litre (1/3 pint) whole milk
220 mg
3 large slices brown or white bread
215 mg
125 g (41/2 oz) low-fat yogurt
205 mg
30 g (1 oz) hard cheese
190 mg
0.2 litre (1/3 pint) calcium-enriched
soya milk
125 g (41/2 oz) calcium-enriched soya
yogurt
115 g (4 oz) cottage cheese
180 mg
3 large slices wholemeal bread
125 mg
150 mg
4 - 8 years old 800
mg
8 -18 years old1300
mg 19 -50 years old
1000 mg
145 mg
115 g (4 oz) baked beans
60 mg
115 g (4 oz) boiled cabbage
40 mg
Note: measures shown in ounces or pints are approximate
conversions only.
51 years and older
1200 mg
Osteoporosis
Detection
Bone density test
Treatment
Calcium and vitamin D
Hormone replacement therapy (HRT)
Muscle System
Structures
700 Skeletal muscles
Five Functions:
1. Posture
2. Balance
3. Support
4. Generates heat
5. Movement
Muscle System
Every Muscle has:
An Origin
Fixed part
An Insertion
Moving part
An Action
What it does
Muscle
Muscle facile
Muscle fiber
• Myofibril
Actin and Myocin
Wrap-up
1. What are the structures/functions of the skeletal
system?
2. Where are the structures of the skeletal system
found?
3. What are the functions of bone?
4. What are the components of bone?
5. What are the components of the marrow cavity?
Functions?
6. What are the microscopic features of the bone?
Functions?
Wrap-up
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
What is the axial skeleton? Structures?
What is the appendicular skeleton?
Label the skeleton diagram.
What are the four types of joints?
What is Osteoporosis?
Prevention? Detection? Treatment?
What are the 5 types of joints? Examples?
What are the structures of the muscle system?
What are the origin, insertion, and action of a
muscle?
What are the components of muscle?